Source: AGRICOLA database (1970-1996)

Cadenasso, M. L. and S. T. A. Pickett (2000). Linking forest edge structure to edge function: Mediation of herbivore damage. Journal of Ecology. Feb. 88(1): 31-44. {a} Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA

Dodds, k. J. and P. J. Smallidge (1999). Composition, vegetation, and structural characteristics of a presettlement forest in western Maryland. Castanea . Dec. 64(4): 337-345. {a} Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, A-320, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA

George, L. O. and F. A. Bazzaz (1999). The fern understory as an ecological filter: Growth and survival of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology Washington D C. April 80(3): 846-856. {a} Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

George, L. O. and F. A. Bazzaz (1999). The fern understory as an ecological filter: Emergence and establishment of canopy-tree seedlings. Ecology Washington D C. April 80(3): 833-845. {a} Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

Goransson, A. (1999). Growth and nutrition of Betula pendula at different relative supply rates of zinc. Tree Physiology 19(2): 111-116. {a} Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci., Dep. Prod. Ecol., Fac. Forestry, P.O. Box 7042, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden

Mills, H. H. and S. L. Stephenson (1999). Forest vegetation and boulder streams in the central Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, southwestern Virginia. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. July Sept 126(3): 188-196. {a} Department of Earth Sciences, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA

Stephenson, S. L. and H. H. Mills (1999). Contrasting vegetation of noses and hollows in the Valley and Ridge province, southwestern Virginia. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society. July Sept 126(3): 197-212. {a} Department of Biology, Fairmont State College, Fairmont, WV, 26554, USA

Abrams, M. D., C. M. Ruffner, et al. (1998). Tree-ring responses to drought across species and contrasting sites in the ridge and valley of central Pennsylvania. Forest Science 44(4): 550-558. {a} 4 Ferguson Build., Sch. Forest Resources, Pa. State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, USA

Anagnostakis, S. L. and F. J. Ferrandino (1998). Isolation of Nectria galligena from cankers on sweet birch. Plant Disease 82(4): 440-441. {a} Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn., New Haven, CT 06504, USA

Carlton, G. C. and F. A. Bazzaz (1998). Regeneration of three sympatric birch species on experimental hurricane blowdown microsites. Ecological Monographs 68(1): 99-120. {a} Biological Sciences Dep., California State Polytechnic Univ., 3801 W. Temple Ave., Pomona, CA 91768, USA

Johnson, J. E., G. W. Miller, et al. (1998). Assessment of residual stand quality and regeneration following shelterwood cutting in central Appalachian hardwoods. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 15(4): 203-210. {a} Coll. For. Wildl. Resources, 228 Cheatham Hall, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0324, USA

Manson, R. H., R. S. Ostfeld, et al. (1998). The effects of tree seed and seedling density on predation rates by rodents in old fields. Ecoscience 5(2): 183-190. {a} Prog. Ecol. Evol., Nelson Biol. Lab., P.O. Box 1059, Rutgers Univ., Piscataway, NJ 08855-1059, USA

Martin, J. G., B. D. Kloeppel, et al. (1998). Aboveground biomass and nitrogen allocation of ten deciduous southern Appalachian tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28(11): 1648-1659. {a} Dep. Forest Resources, Univ. Minn., 115 Green Hall, 1530 North Cleveland Ave., St. Paul, MN 55108, USA

Orwig, D. A. and D. R. Foster (1998). Forest response to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid in southern New England, USA. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 125(1): 60-73. Harvard Univ., Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01366, USA

Stephenson, S. L. and R. H. Fortney (1998). Changes in forest overstory composition on the Southwest-facing slope of Beanfield Mountain in Southwestern Virginia. Castanea 63(4): 482-488. {a} Dep. Boil., Fairmont State Coll., Fairmont, WA 26554, USA

Wilson, B. F. (1998). Branches versus stems in woody plants: Control of branch diameter growth and angle. Canadian Journal of Botany. Nov. 76(11): 1852-1856. {a} Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA

Hutchens, J. J., Jr., E. F. Benfield, et al. (1997). Diet and growth of a leaf-shredding caddisfly in southern Appalachian streams of contrasting disturbance history. Hydrobiologia 346: 193-201. {a} Inst. Ecol., 711 Biosciences Hall, Univ. Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA

Adams, M. B. and T. R. Angradi (1996). Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of hardwood leaf litter in the Fernow whole-watershed acidification experiment. Forest Ecology and Management 83(1-2): 61-69. {a} USDA Forest Serv., Timber Watershed Lab., Parsons, WV, USA

Gilliam, F. S., M. B. Adams, et al. (1996). Ecosystem nutrient responses to chronic nitrogen inputs at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26(2): 196-205. {a} Department Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA

Sullivan, N. H., P. V. Bolstad, et al. (1996). Estimates of net photosynthetic parameters for twelve tree species in mature forests of the southern Appalachians. Tree Physiology 16(4): 397-406. {a} Dep. Forestry, Coll. Forestry Wildlife, Virginia Polytechnic Inst. State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA

Ward, J. S. and G. R. Stephens (1996). Influence of crown class on survival and development of Betula lenta in Connecticut, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26(2): 277-288. Department Forestry Horticulture, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA

Young, M. J., J. E. Johnson, et al. (1996). Vegetative and edaphic characteristics on relic charcoal hearths in the Appalachian mountains. Vegetatio 125(1): 43-50. {a} Dep. Forestry, N.C. State Univ., Box 8008, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA

Abrams, M. D., M. E. Kubiske, et al. (1994). Relating wet and dry year ecophysiology to leaf structure in contrasting temperate tree species. Ecology Tempe 75(1): 123-133. Sch. Forest Resources, Ferguson Build., Pennsylvania State Univ., Univerity Park, PA 16802, USA

Brooks, R. T. (1994). A Regional-Scale Survey and Analysis of Forest Growth and Mortality as Affected by Site and Stand Factors and Acidic Deposition. Forest Science 40(3): 543-557. USDA Forest Serv., Northeastern Forest Exp. Stn., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Crabtree, R. C. and G. M. Bernston (1994). Root architectural responses of Betula lenta to spatially heterogeneous ammonium and nitrate. Plant and Soil 158(1): 129-134. {a} Dep. Organismic Evol. Biol., Harvard Univ. Biol. Lab., 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

McCarthy, B. C. and R. R. Bailey (1994). Distribution and abundance of coarse woody debris in a managed forest landscape of the central Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24(7): 1317-1329. {a} Dep. Plant Biol., Ohio Univ., Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA

Mikan, C. J., D. A. Orwig, et al. (1994). Age structure and successional dynamics of a presettlement-origin chestnut oak forest in the Pennsylvania Piedmont. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 121(1): 13-23. {a} Univ. Michigan, Sch. Natural Resources Environ., Dana Build., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115, USA

Skousen, J. G., C. D. Johnson, et al. (1994). Natural revegetation of 15 abandoned mine land sites in West Virginia. Journal of Environmental Quality 23(6): 1224-1230. {a} Div. Plant Soil Sci., Dep. Biol., WV Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506-6108, USA

Aber, J. D., A. Magill, et al. (1993). Plant and soil responses to chronic nitrogen additions at the Harvard Forest, Massachusetts. Ecological Applications 3(1): 156-166. {a} Inst. Study Earth, Oceans, Space, Univ. New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA

Crabtree, R. C. and F. A. Bazzaz (1993). Seedling response of four birch species to simulated nitrogen deposition: Ammonium vs. nitrate. Ecological Applications 3(2): 315-321. {a} Dep. Environ. Biol., Univ. Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK

Hannah, P. R. (1993). Composition and development of two Appalachian hardwood stands in North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 109(2): 87-98. Univ. Vermont, Sch. Natural Resources, Dep. Forestry, Burlington, VT 05405-0088, USA

Khurana, N., R. K. Saxena, et al. (1993). Light-independent conidiation in Trichoderma spp.: A novel approach to microcycle conidiation. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 9(3): 353-356. {a} Dep. Microbiol., Univ. Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Rd., New Delhi 110021, India

Kubiske, M. E. and M. D. Abrams (1993). Stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis in 19 temperate tree species on contrasting sites during wet and dry years. Plant Cell and Environment 16(9): 1123-1129. {a} Michigan State Univ., Dep. Forestry, East Lansing, MI 48824-1222, USA

Takaoka, S. (1993). Forest reconstruction based on wood anatomy in the Sasa grassland in the Soya Hills, northern Hokkaido, Japan. Japanese Journal of Ecology Sendai 43(1): 53-56. Dep. Geography, Fac. Sci., Tokyo Metropolitan Univ., Hachioji, Tokyo 192-03, Japan

Williams, C. E. (1993). Age structure and importance of naturalized Paulownia tomentosa in a central Virginia streamside forest. Castanea 58(4): 243-249. Dep. Biol., Clarion Univ. Pa., Clarion, PA 16214-1232, USA

Wilson, B. F. (1993). Compensatory shoot growth in young black birch and red maple trees. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23(2): 302-306. Dep. Forestry and Wildlife Management, Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Crabtree, R. C. and F. A. Bazzaz (1992). Seedlings of black birch (Betula lenta L.) as foragers for nitrogen. New Phytologist 122(4): 617-625. {a} Dep. Environmental Biol., Williamson Build, Oxford Rd., Manchester M13 9PL, UK

Matlack, G. R. (1992). Influence of fruit size and weight on wind dispersal in Betula lenta, a gap-colonizing tree species. American Midland Naturalist 128(1): 30-39.

Nowacki, G. J. and M. D. Abrams (1992). Community, edaphic, and historical analysis of mixed oak forests of the Ridge and Valley Province in central Pennsylvania. Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 22(6): 790-800.

Reif, C. B. (1992). Specimens of Betula alleghaniensis and Betula lenta growing from century-old stumps. Journal of the Pennsylvania Academy of Science 66(3): 116-122. 112 North Franklin St., Wilkes-Barre, PA 18701, USA

Dibeler, B. J. and J. G. Ehrenfeld (1990). Vegetation and land-use history of the New Jersey Brigade area of Morristown National Historical Park, New Jersey (USA) since 1700. Bulletin New Jersey Academy Of Science 35(2): 1-12.

Loeb, R. E. (1990). Measurement of vegetation changes through time by resampling. Bulletin Of The Torrey Botanical Club 117(2): 173-175.

Held, M. E. and E. R. Giuliani (1989). Structure and composition of the forest community at Hickory Run State Park, Carbon County, northeastern Pennsylvania (USA). Journal Of The Pennsylvania Academy Of Science 63(2): 93-96.

Higginbotham, J. W., M. Curtis, et al. (1989). Morphological variation in southern Appalachian (eastern USA) Betula alleghaniensis and Betula lenta (Betulaceae). Rhodora 91(866): 172-187.

Matlack, G. R. (1989). Secondary dispersal of seed across snow in Betula lenta, a gap-colonizing tree species. Journal Of Ecology 77(3): 853-869.

Miller, R. B. and E. Cahow (1989). Wood identification of commercially important North American species of birch (Betula spp.). Iawa 10(4): 364-373.

Stephenson, S. L. and H. S. Adams (1989). The high-elevation red oak (Quercus rubra) community type in western Virginia (USA). Castanea 54(4): 217-229.

Pekins, P. J. and W. W. Mautz (1988). Digestibility and nutritional value of autumn diets of deer. Journal Of Wildlife Management 52(2): 328-332.

Jones, A. R. C. and I. Alli (1987). Sap yields, sugar content, and soluble carbohydrates of saps and syrups of some Canadian birch and maple species. Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 17(3): 263-266.

Joslin, J. D., P. A. Mays, et al. (1987). Chemistry of tension lysimeter water and lateral flow in spruce and hardwood stands. Journal Of Environmental Quality 16(2): 152-160.

Palmer, M. W. (1987). Diameter distributions and the establishment of tree seedlings in the Henry M. Wright Preserve, Macon County, North Carolina (USA). Castanea 52(2): 87-94.

Speiser, R. and T. Bosakowski (1987). Nest site selection by northern goshawks in northern New Jersey and southeastern New York (USA). Condor 89(2): 387-394.

Wisniewski, M., E. Ashworth, et al. (1987). The use of lanthanum to characterize cell wall permeability in relation to deep supercooling and extracellular freezing in woody plants: II. Intrageneric comparisons between Betula lenta and Betula papyrifera. Protoplasma 141(2-3): 160-168.

Beck, D. E. and R. M. Hooper (1986). Development of a Southern Appalachian hardwood stand after clearcutting. Southern Journal Of Applied Forestry 10(3): 168-172.

Stephenson, S. L. (1986). Changes in a former chestnut-dominated forest after a half century of succession. American Midland Naturalist 116(1): 173-179.

Van, R. D. M., J. S. Jacobson, et al. (1986). Effects of acidity on in vitro pollen germination and tube elongation in four hardwood species. Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 16(2): 397-400.

Leopold, D. J. and G. R. Parker (1985). Vegetation patterns on a Southern Appalachian (USA) watershed after successive clearcuts. Castanea 50(3): 164-186.

Leopold, D. J., G. R. Parker, et al. (1985). Forest development after successive clearcuts in the southern Appalachians (USA). Forest Ecology And Management 13(1-2): 83-120.

Kasmer, J., P. Kasmer, et al. (1984). Edaphic factors and vegetation in the Piedmont Lowland of southeastern Pennsylvania (USA). Castanea 49(4): 147-157.

Sharik, T. L. and R. H. Ford (1984). Variation and taxonomy of Betula uber, Betula lenta and Betula alleghaniensis. Brittonia 36(3): 307-316.

Kedves, M. and A. Pardutz (1983). Scanning electron microscopy of some selected recent Amentiflorae pollen: 2. Acta Universitatis Szegediensis Acta Biologica 29(1-4): 67-76.

Pawlowska, L. (1983). Flavonoids from the leaves of some American species of the genus Betula. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 52(3-4): 295-300.

Wilson, B. F. (1475). Shoot-length frequencies in black birch (Betula lenta). Canadian Journal Of Forest Research 21(10): 1475-1480.

Hardt, R. A. and R. T. T. Forman (1252). Boundary form effects on woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines. Ecology 70(5): 1252-1260.

Gilliam, F. S. and N. L. Turrill Herbaceous layer cover and biomass in a young versus a mature stand of a central Appalachian hardwood forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120(4): 445-450. Dep. Biological Sciences, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA