Source: AGRICOLA database (1970-1996)

Gunatilaka, A. A. L., H. T. B. Sriyani, et al. (1998). A xanthone from Garcinia cambogia. Phytochemistry Oxford. Oxford : Elsevier Science Ltd. Mar: 1169-1170.

As a chemical constituent of Garcinia cambogia, a new xanthone, garbogiol, was isolated from the root; a known xanthone (rheediaxanthone A) and two known benzophenones (garcinol and isogarcinol) were obtained from the bark. The structures were established by spectral analysis.

Heymsfield, S. B., D. B. Allison, et al. (1998). Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: A randomized controlled trial. Jama Journal Of The American Medical Association. Nov 280(18): 1596-1600.

Context.-Hydroxycitric acid, the active ingredient in the herbal compound Garcinia cambogia, competitively inhibits the extramitochondrial enzyme adenosine triphosphate-citrate (pro-3S)-lyase. As a citrate cleavage enzyme that may play an essential role in de novo lipogenesis inhibition, G cambogia is claimed to lower body weight and reduce fat mass in humans.Objective.-To evaluate the efficacy of G cambogia for body weight and fat mass loss in overweight human subjects.Design.-Twelve-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Setting.-Outpatient weight control research unit.Participants.-Overweight men and women subjects (mean body mass index [weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters], approximately 32 kg/m(2)).Intervention.-Subjects were randomized to receive either active herbal compound (1500 mg of hydroxycitric acid per day) or placebo, and both groups were prescribed a high-fiber, low-energy diet. The treatment period was 12 weeks. Body weight was evaluated every other week and fat mass was measured at weeks 0 and 12.Main Outcome Measures.-Body weight change and fat mass change.Results.-A total of 135 subjects were randomized to either active hydroxycitric acid (n = 66) or placebo (n = 69); 42 (64%) in the active hydroxycitric acid group and 42 (61%) in the placebo group completed 12 weeks of treatment (P = .74). Patients in both groups lost a significant amount of weight during the 12-week treatment period (P < .001); however, between-group weight loss differences were not statistically significant (mean [SD], 3.2 [3.3] kg vs 4.1 [3.9] kg; P = .14). There were no significant differences in estimated percentage of body fat mass loss between treatment groups, and the fraction of subject weight loss as fat was not influenced by treatment group.Conclusions.-Garcinia cambogia failed to produce significant weight loss and fat mass loss beyond that observed with placebo.

Iinuma, M., T. Ito, et al. (1998). Determination of organic acids in Garcinia cambogia (Desr.) by high-performance liquid chromatography. J chromatogr A New York(Elsevier, 1993-. May 15, 1998. v. 806).

Iinuma, M., T. Ito, et al. (1998). A xanthone from Garcinia cambogia. Phytochemistry Oxford 47(6): 1169-1170. {a} Dep. Pharm., Gifu Pharm. Univ., 6-1 Mitahori-higashi 5 chome, Gifu 502, Japan

As a chemical constituent of Garcinia cambogia, a new xanthone, garbogiol, was isolated from the root; a known xanthone (rheediaxanthone A) and two known benzophenones (garcinol and isogarcinol) were obtained from the bark. The structures were established by spectral analysis.

Iinuma, M., T. Ito, et al. (1998). A xanthone from Garcinia cambogia. Phytochemistry . Mar 47(6): 1169-1170.

As a chemical constituent of Garcinia cambogia, a new xanthone, garbogiol, was isolated from the root; a known xanthone (rheediaxanthone A) and two known benzophenones (garcinol and isogarcinol) were obtained from the bark. The structures were established by spectral analysis. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Jayaprakasha, G. K. and K. K. Sakariah (1998). Determination of organic acids in Garcinia cambogia (Desr.) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal Of Chromatography A. May 806(2): 337-339.

The major organic acid in Garcinia cambogia (Malabar tamarind) has been found to be (-)-hydroxycitric acid, present in concentrations of 16-18%, using high-performance liquid chromatography with 10 mM sulfuric acid as eluent. Citric and malic acids are present in Malabar tamarind in minor quantities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Jayaprakasha, G. K. and K. K. Sakariah (1998). Determination of organic acids in Garcinia cambogia (Desr.) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 806(2): 337-339. {a} Hum. Resource Dev., Cent. Food Technol. Res. Inst., Mysore-570 013, India

The major organic acid in Garcinia cambogia (Malabar tamarind) has been found to be (-)-hydroxycitric acid, present in concentrations of 16-18%, using high-performance liquid chromatography with 10 mM sulfuric acid as eluent. Citric and malic acids are present in Malabar tamarind in minor quantities.

Anon (1997). The spice of life? Food Ingredients and Analysis International 19(Nov./Dec): 45-46.

Dried fruits of Garcinia cambogia, also called Malabar tamarind, are widely used as a spice in the preparation of fish curry in southern India. Its use as a metabolic regulator of obesity and its potential as a functional food are discussed. Aspects considered are: description of Garcinia cambogia; manufacturing process; metabolism; product formulation; use of Garcinia extract (and its main constituent hydroxycitric acid) for obesity control; and recommended daily intake for wt. management.

Chacko, K. C. and P. K. C. Pillai (1997). Seed characteristics and germination of Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. Indian Forester 123(2): 123-126.

In a seed germination study conducted with Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. (Syn. G. cambogia Desr.) seed coat removal (decoating) before sowing advanced germination and also enhanced cumulative germination from 50% to 90%. The viable seeds with a moisture content of 41.65% failed to germinate on drying to 33.4% which is indicative of the 'recalcitrant' nature of the seed.A seed with a mean oven-dry weight of 0.6109 g had 0.2053 g seed coat and 0.4056 g cotyledons with embryo.

Larkin, G. M., L. Prosky, et al. (1997). Committee on Food Nutrition. Journal of AOAC International 80(1): 137-146. AOAC International, Suite 500, 481 N. Frederick Ave., Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA

A General Referee report compiled by the AOAC Committee on Food Nutrition is presented. Studies undertaken during 1996 for development and validation of standardized analytical techniques and recommendations for further study of AOAC methods are summarized for the following topics: botanicals and other supplementals (ephedra alkaloids, plant identification, hydroxycitric acid in Garcinia cambogia, proanthocyanidins and organoleptic evaluation); dietary fibre and complex carbohydrates (including dietary fibre in frozen prepared foods by enzymic gravimetric method, dietary fibre in products with little or no starch by non-enzymic gravimetric method, enzymic-gravimetric methodology, total dietary fibre by colorimetric (Uppsala) method); fats and oils (emulsifiers, hydrogenated fats, marine oils, olive oil, adulteration, oxidized fats, sterols and tocopherols, total, saturated and unsaturated fats and IUPAC commission VI.6 on oils, fats and derivatives); infant formula and medical diets; sugars and sugar products; fat soluble vitamins; and non-vitamin nutrients.

Sawade, H., H. Tomi, et al. (1997). Effects of liquid Garcinia extract and soluble Garcinia powder on body weight change. A possible material for suppressing fat accumulation. Journal of the Japan Oil Chemists' Society 46(12): 1467-1474. Food Res. Lab., Nippon Shinyaku Co. Ltd., Nishiohji Hachijo Minami-ku, Kyoto-shi 601, Japan

Garcinia is a fruit which has been found to be effective in reducing body wt., hydroxycitric acid (HCA) being its active principle. Garcinia powders can be prepared with HCA in the form of a calcium salt, however this is not ideal for food products due to the insolubility of the Ca form in water. A soluble Garcinia powder and a liquid Garcinia extract were prepared containing HCA in the lactone form and their effects on wt. change were compared with those of Ca type powders in rats and humans. Soluble Garcinia powder was found to be more effective for wt. reduction than the Ca type Garcinia powder in rats. It is concluded that soluble Garcinia powder and liquid Garcinia extract may be effective in reducing human body wt. by decreasing fat accumulation. [From En summ.]

Lila, M., S. T. George, et al. (1996). Estimation of leaf area in Garcinia cambogia (Kodampuli) through linear measurements. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 34(1): 61-62. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara 680 654, India.

Moffett, S. A., A. K. Bhandari, et al. (1996). Hydroxycitric acid concentrate and food products prepared therefrom. United States Patent: States-Patent.

Preparation of a hydroxycitric acid (HCA) extract from Garcinia fruit peel for use as an additive in foods and beverages is described. A salt-free water extract of the Garcinia peel is loaded onto an anion exchange column (at a capacity of 100-125% of the column), and is eluted with a metal hydroxide. The extract is then loaded onto a cation exchange column (at a capacity of 50-90% of the column) to give free HCA.

Verghese, J. (1996). (-)-Hydroxycitrates. World of Ingredients. CU Varkey Cent. for Res. & Quality Assurance, Synthite Industrial Chemicals Ltd., Synthite Valley, Kolenchery 682 311, India

(-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is discussed with reference to its use as a metabolic regulator of obesity and its potential for application as an ingredient in functional foods. Aspects considered include: physical properties of HCA; physicochemical properties of HCA isomers; fruit and vegetable sources of HCA (beet sugar, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Garcinia cambogia, G. indica and G. atroviridus); HCA derivatives (lactone, ester and calcium salt, preparation and analysis using HPLC); obesity and its metabolic regulators (use of HCA derivatives; depression of lipogenesis by hydroxycitrate lactone when administered orally); and anorectic agents currently in use [-)-amphetamine, methamphetamine, phertmetrazine, phendimetrazine, benzphetamine, chlorphentermine, clorter-mine, mazindol, fenfluramine, diethylpropion, and phentermine).

Vilasini, T. N., S. Estelitta, et al. (1996). A new leaf blight of Garcinia cambogia Desr. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 34(1): 74. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 680 654, Trichur, India.

The disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is reported from Kerala, India.

Mathew, K. L. and T. S. George (1995). Dormancy and storage of seeds in Garcinia cambogia Desr. (Kodampuli). Journal of Tropical Agriculture 33(1): 77-79. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara 680 654, Trichur, India.

G. cambogia seeds harvested in May were stored in polyethylene or gunny bags or in moist sand for up to 3 months and then tested for germination. Seeds were also stored in moist sand for up to 7 months and tested monthly for germination. Freshly harvested seeds took 13 months to germinate but achieved 78% germination. Germination percentage declined as seed storage duration increased, irrespective of storage method. Dormancy breaking was studied by treating seeds with 250, 500 or 750 ppm GA3, concentrated sulfuric acid, hot water, 3% thiourea or by soaking them in water for 12 h. The effect of removing the seed coat was also examined for each dormancy breaking treatment. With seed coats germination percentage was in the range 65-75%. Without seed coats it was 25-90%, being lowest following sulfuric acid treatment and highest following treatment with 250 ppm GA3. Removing the seed coats reduced the time taken to germinate from 48-52 weeks to 4-5 weeks.

Shinde, R. D. and S. M. Almeida (1995). Taxonomic notes on some species of family Clusiaceae. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19(2): 473-476.

Shinde, R. D. and S. M. Almeida (1995). Taxonomic notes on some species of family Clusiaceae. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19(2): 473-476. Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier's College, Bombay 400001, India.

Taxonomic difficulties encountered during studies on the trees of Bombay are discussed, with specific reference to 3 species of Clusiaceae from Maharashtra: Calophyllum calaba (now given the name C. apetalum for Indian species, with C. calaba retained for the Sri Lankan species), Cambogia gummi-gutta (now given the name Garcinia cambogia), and Garcinia morella (now given the name G. gummi-gutta).

Singh, R. P., G. K. Jayaprakasha, et al. (1995). (-) Hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia cambogia. Biological Memoirs 21(1): 27-33.

Crystals of (-) hydroxycitric acid were prepared from water extract of Garcinia cambogia by precipitation as calcium or barium salt and desalting on cation exchange resin. Water was removed by distillation with immiscible solvent, followed by recrystallization of (-) hydroxycitric acid lactone in ether. Purity of the preparation was confirmed by spectroscopic and chemical studies.

Amarasinghe, B. D. Y. and V. Jayaweera (1994). Extension of the shelf life of Ambul Thiyal. Research Contributions Presented At The Ninth Session Of The Indo Pacific Fishery Commission Working Party On Fish Technology And Marketing. Cochin, India(514): 159-170.

"Ambul Thiyal", a traditional tuna fish curry in Sri Lanka, has a shelf life of about 7 days at ambient temperature. The fish varieties most commonly used are skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin (Thunnus albacares). The curry is prepared using fish, salt, pepper, and goraka (Malabar tamarind). The marketability of this product as a cottage industry has been restricted due to fungal infestation. The effect of 3 preservatives (potassium sorbate, sodium propionate and sodium benzoate), 3 packaging materials (clay pots, polyethylene and polystyrene containers) and 3 storage conditions (ambient, chilled and frozen) on the shelf life was investigated. Potassium sorbate was found to be the best preservation and polystyrene the best packaging material for the product to be stored at ambient temperature. A synergistic preservative effect of goraka and sorbate was observed. The treatment of 0.2% potassium sorbate and polystyrene container packaging was found to be suitable for the inhibition of fungal growth and thereby extending the shelf life of ambul thiyal for up to 15 days at ambient conditions, 60 days under refrigeration and 75 days under frozen conditions.

Amarasinghe, B. D. Y., V. Jayaweera, et al. (1994). The preservative effect of goraka in fish processing. Annual Scientific Sessions Of The National Aquatic Resources Agency: 7-8.

The findings are presented of a study conducted to investigate the effects of goraka (Garcinia cambogia) on bacteria and fungi, with a view to expanding its use as a biopreservative in fish processing. Goraka at pH 4 inhibited bacterial growth; combined with 0.2% sorbate, at a higher pH of 5.7, goraka completely inhibited bacterial growth. The inhibition of fungi was effective only with a combination of goraka and 0.2% sorbate at pH 4.8. It is concluded that, when used in combination with sorbate, a dip of goraka effectively reduced the bacterial flora on fish, without changing the flavour of the cooked fish, thus extending the shelf life of the fish.

Barrett, O. W. (1994). The mangosteen and related species. WANATCA Yearbook 18: 54-63.

George, S. T., A. K. B. Latha, et al. (1994). Soft wood grafting in kudampuli (Garcinia cambogia Desr.). Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal 18(2). College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Trichur, India.

G. cambogia is a minor tropical fruit which is used to flavour fish curries. The plant is androdioecious, and takes 6-8 years to reach sexual maturity. Two vegetative propagation methods, air layering or grafting on to rajapuli (G. tinctoria) rootstocks (originally grown from seeds), were investigated using female G. cambogia plants. No plants were produced following air layering. Graft success increased with increasing age of the rootstock; the highest number of successful grafts (66%) was observed using 3-month-old rootstocks.

Nazeema, K. K., K. L. Mathew, et al. (1994). Double grafting in Garcinia cambogia (kodumpuli). South Indian Horticulture 42(6): 379-380.

Kumar, N., J. Khader, et al. (1993). Introduction to spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants. 278(2). Horticultural College & Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, Tamil Nadu, India.

This book, written for agriculture, horticulture and forestry students, is divided into 4 parts: (1) spices - including major spices (Piper nigrum, Elettaria cardamomum, Zingiber officinale, and Curcuma longa), seed spices (Coriandrum sativum and Trigonella foenum-graecum), tree spices (Syzygium aromaticum, Myristica fragrans, Cinnamomum verum [C. zeylanicum], Pimenta dioica, Murr[a]ya koenigii, Garcinia cambogia, and Laurus nobilis), herbal spices (Allium sativum, Vanilla planifolia, Crocus sativus, Capsicum annuum, and Ferula foetida), other spices, and value added spices; (2) plantation crops - tea, coffee, Hevea brasiliensis, Theobroma cacao, Anacardium occidentale, coconuts, Areca catechu, Borassus flabellifer, and Cinchona spp.; (3) medicinal plants - including Dioscorea spp., Digitalis lanata, Papaver somniferum, Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium [Tanacetum cinerariifolium], Rauvolfia serpentina, Cassia angustifolia, Plantago ovata, Solanum spp., Atropa belladonna, Claviceps purpurea and 30 other species; and (4) aromatic plants - Cymbopogon spp., Pelargonium graveolens, Mentha spp., Ocimum spp., Pogestemon patchouli [Pogostemon cablin], Eucalyptus spp., Lavendula [Lavandula] spp., Santalum album and 13 other species, and floral concrete with particular reference to Jasminum spp. Notes on the botany, cultivation, pests and diseases, and harvesting and processing of these plants are provided. There is also an index, a list for further reading, and an appendix (a glossary of some medical terms).

George, S. T., A. K. B. Latha, et al. (1992). Pattern of flowering and flower development in kodapuli (Garcinia cambogia Desr.). Indian Cocoa, Arecanut and Spices Journal 16(2): 68-70. College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara 680 654, Kerala, India.

This tree has medicinal uses, and the dried rind of its edible fruits is used to flavour curry dishes. Flower development was studied in 20 trees, and trees either had male flowers, or hermaphrodite flowers. Male and hermaphrodite flowers could be distinguished with respect to size, colour and time taken to anthesis (data tabulated). The fertility of pollen from hermaphrodite flowers was lower than that from male flowers and corresponded to a low fruit set (20%) in bagged hermaphrodite flowers.

Babu, A. M. and A. R. S. Menon (1990). Distribution of gum and gum-resin ducts in plant body: certain familiar features and their significance. Flora Jena 184(4): 257-261. Central Silk Board, Mithraniketan, Vellanadu 695 543, Kerala, India.

The significance of the characteristic distribution pattern of tangentially anastomosing systems in gum/gum-resin producing ducts and cavities in different tissues is examined, based on a review of the literature and studies on Garcinia cambogia and Vateria indica, and is correlated with the proposed function of gums and resins in biochemical defence.

Redhead, J. (1990). Utilization of tropical foods: fruits and leaves. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 47(7).

Nutritional aspects, utilization and processing of various fruits and leaves are described. Fruits covered include avocado, mango, papaya, pineapple, custard apples, rose apples, starfruit, "bilimbi", star apple, akee apple, rambutan, pulasan, litchi, longan, guava, durian, sapodilla, mangosteen, "goraka", passion fruit, granadilla, loquat, prickly pear, Indian jujube, acerola, citrus and wild fruits. Leaves covered include those from herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees and traditional food plants. An index provides the scientific names of all species discussed.

Sergio, W. (1988). A natural food, the Malabar Tamarind, may be effective in the treatment of obesity. Medical Hypotheses 27(1): 39-40.

Discussion of a natural food, namely the Malabar Tamarind, that may be effective in the treatment of obesity.

Sergio, W. (1988). A natural food, the Malabar tamarind, may be effective in the treatment of obesity. Medical Hypotheses 27(1): 39-40. 1138 S. Dixie Hwy, Suite 20, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA.

Several studies on the use of (-)-hydroxycitric acid to control feed intake in animals are discussed, and a possible mechanism is suggested. The fruit of Garcinia cambogia, G. atroviridis and G. indica contain 20 to 30% (-)-hydroxycitric acid on a dry weight basis and experiences of using those fruits to limit food intake and facilitate weight loss are reported. Further studies may establish whether the fruits have a role to play in the treatment of obesity.

Sergio, W. (1988). A natural food, the Malabar Tamarind, may be effective in the treatment of obesity. Med Hypotheses 27(1): 39-40.

Mannan, A., J. A. Farooqi, et al. (1986). Studies on minor seed oils: VII. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 88(8): 301-302.

Seeds of seven species, representing different plant families, have been analyzed for oil and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. In all the species, the oil content exceeded 10% except Mecaranga peltata and Cubeba officinalis seeds. Fully matured Garcina cambogia seeds had very high ( apprx 50%) oil content.

Mannan, A., J. A. Farooqi, et al. (1986). Studies on minor seed oils VII. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 88(8): 301-302. Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 001, India.

The physico-chemical characteristics of the seed oils of Citrullus colocynthis, Asteracantha [Hygrophila] longifolia, Cuminum cyminum, Salvia spinosa, Macaranga peltata, Garcinia cambogia and Cubeba officinalis [Piper cubeba] are described. The oil content exceeded 10% in all species except M. peltata and C. officinalis, and fully matured G. cambogia seeds had a very high oil content (50%). The oils of C. colocynthis and A. longifolia were rich in linoleic acid (>61%) and may be of value as drying oils. G. cambogia oil had a very high combined oleic/linoleic acid content (93%) and is considered worthy of further evaluation.

Mannan, A., J. A. Farooqi, et al. (1986). Studies on minor seed oils. VII. Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 88(8): 301-302. Aligarh Muslim Univ., Aligarh 202001, India

The seeds of 7 little-known plant spp. were examined for potential commercial exploitation. Tabulated data showed oil contents greater than 10% in 5 out of the 7 spp. (max. 50.2%), oleic acid content greater than 30% in 5 sp. (max. 67.2%), linoleic acid greater than or equal 20% in 6 sp. (max. 67.7%) and linolenic acid content 16.6% in 1 sp. 2 sp. are recommended for further evaluation, i.e. fully mature Garcinia cambogia (50.2% oil, 40.4% oleic, 53.2% linoleic acid) and Asteracantha longifolia (15.3% oil, 67.7% linoleic acid).

Rai, S. N. (1984). Bole, branch, current year twig, leaf and root biomass production in tropical rain (wet evergreen) forests of western Ghats of Karnataka (India). Indian Forester 110(9): 901-914.

(Calophyllum elatum, Canarium strictum, Carallia brachiata, Dipterocarpus indicus, Euphoria longana, Garcinia cambogia, G. morella, Holigarna grahmii, Lansium anamallayum, Palaquium ellipticum, Persea macrantha, and Syzygium utilis) Bole, branch, current year twigs, leaf and root biomass were determined for tropical rain forests of Western Ghats in Karnataka, by allometric analysis. Individual regression equations for 12 species of these forests, and equations for overwood and underwood species were found. A general equation for the forest as a unit was also found. D-2H (diameter-2 times height) is the best estimator of bole biomass, while for all other components DBH (diameter at breast height) is the best estimator. Invariably log-log relationships give better fits. In all, 34 equations are given for various relationships.

Rai, S. N. (1984). Photosynthetic biomass and leaf area index in tropical rain forests of Western Ghats (India). Indian Journal Of Ecology 11(1): 19-26.

Biomass of current yr twigs and leaves was determined in the tropical rain (Wet Evergreen) forests of Western Ghats (Karnataka). Entire green biomass was collected from 226 trees, belonging to 12 spp. (Canarium strictum, carallia brachiata, Calophyllum elatum, Dipterocarpus indicus, Holigarna grahmii, Palaquium ellipticum, Persea macrantha, Syzygium utilis, Euphorbia longana, Garcinia cambogia, G. indica, Lansium anamally anum). Suitable regressions were calculated between DBH (diameter at breast height) and the photosynthetic biomass. Total biomass of leaves and current yr twigs for 4 study sites namely, Agumbe, Bannadpare, Kagneri and South Bhadra, was 15.64, 4.61, 10.84 and 4.64 t/ha, respectively. The leaf biomass for these sites was 12, 79, 3.77, 8.87 and 3.87 t/ha, respectively. Average leaf surface area in these forests was 73.97 +- 39.77 cm-2 (mean +- SD) and average leaf weight was 0.647 +- 0.50 g. The leaf area index of the 4 study sites was 16.10, 5.77, 11.61 and 5.9 (respectively) while the average was 9.845.

Salmonowicz, J., H. Niewiadomski, et al. (1984). Quaesitol, a phenol from Garcinia quaesita. Phytochemistry. Oxford, Eng. : Pergamon Press: 2679-2681.

Samarajeewa, U. and N. Shanmugapirabu (1983). A cheap method for preservation of fish. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Food Science and Technology 1: 80-81. Dep. of Agric. Chem., Univ. of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka

Hot aqueous extracts of sundried Garcinia cambogia fruit were compared with common salt solutions and solid salt as preservatives for cultured Tilapia mossambica. A solution of the herbal extract (200 g fruit/l hot water) saturated with salt (40%) gave the best preservation over 12 months. [See FSTA (1984) 16 9A640.]

Rama, R. A. V., G. Venkatswamy, et al. (1982). A revised structure for hermonionic acid Isolated from Garcinia quaesita. Tetrahedron Lett. Oxford, Pergamon Press: 2987-2990.

(1980). Tetrahedron Lett. Oxford, Pergamon Press: 1975-1978.

Rama, R. A. V., G. Venkatswamy, et al. (1980). Tetrahedron Lett. Oxford, Pergamon Press: 1975-1978.

Balakrishnan, N. R. and A. K. Chattopadhyay (1979). Development of pickled products from fish. (In 'Proceedings of the First Indian Convention of Food Scientists and Technologists' [see FSTA (1979) 11 12A871].). p(8): 9. Cent. Food Tech. Res. Inst., Mysore, India

Various aspects of fish pickling are considered, including: marinading in a cold solution of vinegar and salt or in a heated solution of acetic acid and salt, the fish being subsequently packed in a covering medium containing vinegar, salt, sugar and spices; the Colombo wet-salt curing process which is usually applied to mackerel and sardine and involves gutting, washing, salting and addition of Malabar tamarind (Garcinia cambogia) to the abdominal cavity, followed by packing in layers in wooden barrels, salt and tamarind being sprinkled between each layer; and spoilage of pickled fish, e.g. microbial spoilage, oxidative rancidty, protein denaturation. Aspects requiring further research are mentioned.

Wijesekera, N. (1978). Sri Lankans want more catches to dry. Fishing News International 17(7): 41.

In Sri Lanka fish are cured commercially either by drying without salting (which has limited application), dry curing (dependent on weather) or wet curing of salted fish. The latter involves placing cleaned fish in wooden barrels or glazed earthenware jars containing saturated brine; in most cases the dried fruit pulp of Garcinia cambogia (known locally as goraka) is added to brine at about 2% of fish vol. The chief smoked product is Maldive fish; the fish (skipjack tuna only) are cleaned, boiled and smoked before they are sun-dried to give a hard cured product. The newly established Fish Technology Institute is to investigate how methods of preparing dry fish can be improved, modernised and made more hygienic.

Balachandran, K. K. and V. Muraleedharan (1975). Studies on Colombo-curing of mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta). Fishery Technology 12(2): 145-150. Cent. Inst. of Fisheries, Tech. Unit, Calicut, India

Studies on the manufacture of Colombo-cured mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) using NaCl, Malabar tamarind (Garcinia cambogea) and benzoic acid are described; trials were conducted to determine the optimum levels of NaCl (salt:fish ratios of 1:3 to 1:5), sodium benzoate content of the salt (0-0.50%) and G. cambogea (40-50 g/kg fish). The fish were gutted, split, smeared inside and out with NaCl (with or without benzoate), and the appropriate quantity of G. cambogea was inserted into the belly cavity. Fish processed by this method were packaged into glass jars and held for less than24 wk. At intervals, the moisture, trimethylamine N, total volatile N, NaCl and fat contents, organoleptic properties, and incidence of moulds, maggots and red halophilic bacteria were determined. Tables of results are given. On the basis of the results, it is concluded that treatment at a BaCl:fish ratio of 1:5, use of benzoate at 0.5% of the NaCl and addition of G. cambogea at 45 g/kg gave good shelf-life and organoleptic properties.

Gunatilaka, A. A. L., S. Sotheeswaran, et al. (1973). The determination of antioxidant activity of cocoa hull extract. Zeszyty Probl Postepow Nauk Roln 136: 215-219.

Suzuki, T. (1970). [Chemical studies on maldive fish.]. Bulletin of the Tokai Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory [Tokai ku Suisan Kenkyusho Kenkyu Hokoku] 61: 53-60. Tokai Regional Fisheries Res. Lab., Kachidoki 5, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Maldive fish is a kind of dried fish strip popular in Ceylon; it is similar to Japanese fushi (dried bonito) except for its special flavour. The difference in chemical components between maldive fish and Japanese fushi was investigated. The amounts of hot water extractable N and amino acids were about the same in both fish. Maldive fish contained much formic acid compared with Japenese fushi, and acetic and butyric acids were found in maldive fish. The special flavour of maldive fish might be due to deterioration. The effect of goraka (fruit of Garcinia cambogia) was studied. It was found that Goraka could prevent extraction of protein from fish muscle and crumbling of fish tissue, and that tartaric acid could be used instead of goraka.