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Hayashi, H., N. Hiraoka, et al. (2000). Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA for Glycyrrhiza glabra cycloartenol synthase. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. Feb. 23(2): 231-234. {a} Niigata College of Pharmacy, 5-13-2 Kamishin-ei-cho, Niigata, 950-2081, Japan

Keum, Y. S., K. K. Park, et al. (2000). Antioxidant and anti-tumor promoting activities of the methanol extract of heat-processed ginseng. Cancer Letters. March 150(1): 41-48. {a} Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea

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Kim, Y. A., V. R. Akoev, et al. (2000). Hyperosmotic hemolysis and antihemolytic activity of saponin fraction and triterpenoidal glycosides from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Biologicheskie Membrany Moscow. March April 17(2): 188-199. {a} Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142292, Moscow Region, Russia

Komov, Y. V. and N. V. Kirillova (2000). An effect of treatment of callus culture of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. by heat and cold shock on superoxide dismutase activity and molecular heterogenity. Rastitel'nye Resursy 36(1): 71-77.

Lee, S. C., Y. S. Moon, et al. (2000). Effects of red ginseng saponins and nootropic drugs on impaired acquisition of ethanol-treated rats in passive avoidance performance. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Jan. 69(1): 1-8. {a} College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, 305-764, South Korea

Lee, S. H., S. C. Yang, et al. (2000). Reduction of electrically evoked neural activity by ginseng saponin in rat hippocampal slices. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. [print] April 23(4): 411-414. {a} Department of Biology, Inha University, Inchon, 402-751, South Korea

Li, J. P., M. Huang, et al. (2000). Interactions between Panax quinquefolium saponins and vitamin C are observed in vitro. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. Jan. 204(1-2): 77-82. {a} Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 5 Sassoon Road, 1/F Li Shu Fan Building, Hong Kong, China

Liu, W. K., S. X. Xu, et al. (2000). Anti-proliferative effect of ginseng saponins on human prostate cancer cell line. Life Sciences. [print] August 67(11): 1297-1306. {a} Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

Mantle, D., F. Eddeb, et al. (2000). Comparison of relative antioxidant activities of British medicinal plant species in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. [print] September 72(1-2): 47-51. {a} Neurochemistry Department, Regional Neurosciences Centre, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 6BE, UK

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Mihalov, J. J., M. A. Der, et al. (2000). DNA identification of commercial ginseng samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. [print] August 48(8): 3744-3752. {a} Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-4495, USA

Moon, J., S. J. Yu, et al. (2000). Induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and p27KIP1 increase by panaxydol isolated from Panax ginseng. Biochemical Pharmacology. May 59(9): 1109-1116. {a} Department of Biochemistry, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1 Anam-dong 5 Ga, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul, 136-705, South Korea

Nah, J. J., J. Y. Song, et al. (2000). Preparation of monoclonal antibody against ginsenoside Rf and its enzyme immunoassay. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. [print] May 23(5): 523-526. {a} Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, 500-757, South Korea

Nocerino, E., M. Amato, et al. (2000). The aphrodisiac and adaptogenic properties of ginseng. Fitoterapia . [print] August 71(Supplement 1): S1-S5. {a} Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples 'Federico II', via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Naples, Italy

Ong, Y. C. and E. L. Yong (2000). Panax (ginseng)-Panacea or placebo? Molecular and cellular basis of its pharmacological activity. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore. [print] January 29(1): 42-46. {a} Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore

Ren, G., X. W. Zhang, et al. (2000). Predicting color kinetics during red Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) preparation. Pharmazie . [print] April 55(4): 300-302. {a} Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China

Riba, T. (2000). Vegetative reproduction trial of Panax (Ginseng) through roots and root cuttings. Indian Forester. [print] April 126(4): 430-432. {a} Social Forestry Division, Tawang, AP, India

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Schluter, C. and Z. K. Punja (2000). Floral biology and seed production in cultivated North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. [print] September 125(5): 567-575. {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Environmental Biology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada

Shin, H. R., J. Y. Kim, et al. (2000). The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: A review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes and Control. [print] July 11(6): 565-576. {a} Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, 3Ga-1 Dong-Dae-Shin-Dong, Seo-Gu, Pusan, 602-714, South Korea

Tamaoki, J., J. Nakata, et al. (2000). Ginsenoside-induced relaxation of human bronchial smooth muscle via release of nitric oxide. British Journal of Pharmacology. [print] August 130(8): 1859-1864. {a} First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-Cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan

Tanaka, O., E. C. Han, et al. (2000). Saponins of plants of Panax species collected in Central Nepal, and their chemotaxonomical significance. III. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin Tokyo. [print] June 48(6): 889-892. {a} Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan

Tang, W. (2000). High-frequency plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis and in vitro flowering of regenerated plantlets in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Reports. [print] June 19(7): 727-732. {a} Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8008, USA

Uvarova, N. I., k. V. V. Makhan, et al. (2000). Chemical characteristics, comparative quantitative determination and biological activity of triterpene glycosides from wild and cultivated ginseng Panax ginseng growing in Primorsky Krai. Khimiko Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal. [print] March 34(3): 19-25.

Vanhaelen, F. R. J., M. L. Faes, et al. (2000). High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of six major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Journal of Chromatography A. Feb. 868(2): 269-276. {a} Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Bromatologie, Institut de Pharmacie de l'Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bd Triomphe, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium

Vanhaelen, F. R. J., M. L. Faes, et al. (2000). High-performance thin-layer chromatographic determination of six major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Journal of Chromatography A. Feb. 868(2): 269-276. {a} Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie et de Bromatologie, Institut de Pharmacie de l'Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Bd Triomphe, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium

Vuksan, V., J. L. Sievenpiper, et al. (2000). American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine. April 160(7): 1009-1013. {a} Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael's Hospital, 6 138-61 Queen St E, Toronto, ON, M5C 2T2, Canada

Wang, H. X. and T. B. Ng (2000). Quinqueginsin, a novel protein with anti-human immunodeficiency virus, antifungal, ribonuclease and cell-free translation-inhibitory activities from American ginseng roots. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. March 269(1): 203-208. {a} Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

Yang, D. C. and Y. E. Choi (2000). Production of transgenic plants via Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Reports. April 19(5): 491-496. {a} Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taedok Science Town, Taejon, 305-345, South Korea

Yokozawa, T., E. Dong, et al. (2000). Protection of the kidney by Wen-Pi-Tang against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Phytomedicine Jena. [print] June 7(3): 185-189. {a} Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan

Zhu, D. n., L. Yang, et al. (2000). Comparisons of saponin contents of American ginseng, ginseng and red ginseng (prepared ginseng). Journal of Plant Resources and Environment. [print] July 9(3): 1-4. {a} China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210038, China

Agarwal, S. S. and V. K. Singh (1999). Immunomodulators: A review of studies on Indian medicinal plants and synthetic peptides Part I: Medicinal plants. PINSA B. June Aug 65(2-3): 179-204. {a} Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow, 226 014, India

Atopkina, L. N., G. V. Malinovskaya, et al. (1999). Cytotoxicity of natural ginseng glycosides and semisynthetic analogues. Planta Medica 65(1): 30-34. {a} Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far East Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok-22, 690022, Russia

Attele, A. S., J. A. Wu, et al. (1999). Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions. Biochemical Pharmacology. Dec. 58(11): 1685-1693. {a} Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA

Bhattacharyya, D. and T. K. Sur (1999). The effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on norepinephrine levels of whole brain and hypothalamus during stress. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. April 31(2): 124-127. {a} Department of Pharmacology, University College of Medicine, University of Calcutta, 244 B, Acharya J.C. Bose Road, Calcutta, 700 020, India

Bhattcharyya, D. and T. K. Sur (1999). Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. Oct. 43(4): 505-509. {a} Department of Pharmacology, Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University College of Medicine, 244B, Acharya J.C. Bose Road, Calcutta, 700 020, India

Boehm, C. L., H. C. Harrison, et al. (1999). Organization of American and Asian ginseng germplasm using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. May 124(3): 252-256. {a} Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

Bowers, L. D. (1999). Oral dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation can increase the testosterone/epitestosterone ratio. Clinical Chemistry 45(2): 295-297. {a} Athletic Drug Testing Toxicology Lab., Indiana Univ., Indianapolis, IN 46202-5120, USA

Chen, X., Q. Zhou, et al. (1999). The metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 by intestinal bacteria. Yaoxue Xuebao. June 34(6): 410-414. {a} Research Centre of New Drug, Changchun College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China

Choi, Y. E., D. C. Yang, et al. (1999). Plant regeneration via direct embryo axis-like shoot and root formation from excised cotyledon explants of ginseng seedlings. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology Plant. May June 35(3): 210-213. {a} Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan

Choi, Y. E., D. C. Yang, et al. (1999). High-efficiency plant production via direct somatic single embryogenesis from preplasmolysed cotyledons of Panax ginseng and possible dormancy of somatic embryos. Plant Cell Reports 18(6): 493-499. {a} Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon, 305-345, South Korea

Corthout, J., T. Naessens, et al. (1999). Quantitative determination of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng roots and ginseng preparations by thin layer chromatography-densitometry. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. Oct. 21(1): 187-192. {a} Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium

Cui, X., T. Sakaguchi, et al. (1999). Orally administered Panax ginseng extract decreases platelet adhesiveness in 66% hepatectomized rats. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 27(2): 251-256. {a} First Department of Physiology, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, 951-8122, Japan

Duda, R. B., Y. Zhong, et al. (1999). American ginseng and breast cancer therapeutic agents synergistically inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. Journal of Surgical Oncology. Dec. 72(4): 230-239. {a} Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Surgical Oncology - RW 871, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, 02215, USA

Duff, S. B., P. K. T. Pang, et al. (1999). American ginseng extract reduces scopolamine-induced amnesia in a spatial learning task. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. Nov. 24(5): 442-452. {a} CV Technologies, 8625-112 St., Suite 308, Campus Towers, Edmonton, AB, Canada

Ernst, E. and B. R. Cassileth (1999). How useful are unconventional cancer treatments? European Journal of Cancer. Oct. 35(11): 1608-1613. {a} Department of Complementary Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter, EX2 4NT, UK

Ferrando, A., L. Vila, et al. (1999). Effects of a standardized Panax ginseng extract on the skeletal muscle of the rat: A comparative study in animals at rest and under exercise. Planta Medica. April 65(3): 239-244. {a} Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Leon, Campus de Veganza s/n, E-24071, Leon, Spain

Ferrando, A., L. Vila, et al. (1999). Effects of Ginseng extract on various haematological parameters during aerobic exercise in the rat. Planta Medica. April 65(3): 288-290. {a} Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Leon, Campus de Vegazana s/n., E-24071, Leon, Spain

Fuzzati, N., B. Gabetta, et al. (1999). Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng roots. Journal of Chromatography A. Aug. 854(1-2): 69-79. {a} Laboratori Ricerca e Sviluppo, Indena SpA, Via Don Minzoni 6, 20090, Settala (Milan), Italy

Halladay, A. K., Y. L. Yu, et al. (1999). Acute and chronic effects of ginseng total saponin and amphetamine on fixed-interval performance in rats. Planta Medica. March 65(2): 162-164. {a} Psychology, Rutgers University, Busch Campus, New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA

Kevers, C., P. Jacques, et al. (1999). In vitro root cultures of Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolium. Plant Growth Regulation. March 27(3): 173-178. {a} Institute of Botany B 22, University of Liege, Sart Tilman, B-4000, Liege, Belgium

Kim, H. S., K. S. Kim, et al. (1999). Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. July 66(1): 83-90. {a} College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea

Kim, H. S., Y. H. Zhang, et al. (1999). Effects of ginsenosides on bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. July 66(1): 107-111. {a} Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, San 48, Kaeshin-Dong, Cheongju, 361-763, South Korea

Kim, N. D., S. Y. Kang, et al. (1999). The ginsenoside Rg3 evokes endothelium-independent relaxation in rat aortic rings: Role of K+ channels. European Journal of Pharmacology 367(1): 51-57. {a} Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea

Kim, N. D., S. Y. Kang, et al. (1999). Ginsenoside Rg3 mediates endothelium-dependent relaxation in response to ginsenosides in rat aorta: Role of K+ channels. European Journal of Pharmacology 367(1): 41-49. {a} Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea

Kim, S. E., Y. H. Lee, et al. (1999). Ginsenoside-Rs3, a new diol-type ginseng saponin, selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAF1 leading to induction of apoptosis in SK-HEP-1 cells. Anticancer Research. Jan. Feb. 19(1a): 487-492. {a} College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea

Kim, S. E., Y. H. Lee, et al. (1999). Ginsenoside-Rs4, a new type of ginseng saponin concurrently induces apoptosis and selectively elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAF1 in human hepatoma SK-HEP-1 cells. European Journal of Cancer 35(3): 507-511. {a} College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea

Kim, W., S. Hwang, et al. (1999). Panax ginseng protects the testis against 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced testicular damage in guinea pigs. BJU International. May 83(7): 842-849. {a} Division of Ginseng Pharmacology, Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, 302 Shinseong-dong, Yousong-ku, Taejeon, 305-345, South Korea

Kim, Y. R., S. Y. Lee, et al. (1999). Panax ginseng blocks morphine-induced thymic apoptosis by lowering plasma corticosterone level. General Pharmacology. June 32(6): 647-652. {a} Pharmacology Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwang-Ju, 500-757, South Korea

Konoshima, T., M. Takasaki, et al. (1999). Cancer chemopreventive activity of majonoside-R2 from Vietnamese ginseng, Panax vietnamensis. Cancer Letters. Dec. 147(1-2): 11-16. {a} Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, 607-8414, Japan

Kwon, B. M., M. K. Kim, et al. (1999). Acyl-CoA: Cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitory activity of ginseng sapogenins, produced from the ginseng saponins. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters. May 9(10): 1375-1378. {a} Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yusung, Taejon, 305-600, South Korea

Lee, S. E., H. Oh, et al. (1999). Radioprotective effects of two traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions: Si-Wu-Tang and Si-Jun-Zi-Tang. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 27(3-4): 387-396. {a} Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-Dong, Puk-Ku, Kwangju, 500-757, South Korea

Lee, S. J., J. H. Sung, et al. (1999). Antitumor activity of a novel ginseng saponin metabolite in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells resistant to cisplatin. Cancer Letters. Sept. 144(1): 39-43. {a} Department of Hygiene and Molecular Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Wonkwang University, 344-2 Sinyong-dong, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, South Korea

Lee, W. K., D. S. Park, et al. (1999). Cloning and characterization of the psbEF gene encoding cytochrome b-559 of the Panax ginseng photosystem II reaction center. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. March 32(2): 189-195. {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea

Li, J., M. Huang, et al. (1999). Panax quinquefolium saponins protects low density lipoproteins from oxidation. Life Sciences 64(1): 53-62. {a} Dep. Pharmacol., Univ. Hong Kong, 1/F Li Shu Fan Build., Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Li, T. S. C. and G. Mazza (1999). Correlations between leaf and soil mineral concentrations and ginsenoside contents in American Ginseng. Hortscience 34(1): 85-87. {a} Pacific Agri-Food Res. Cent., Agric. Agri-Food Can., Summerland, B.C. V0H 1Z0, Canada

Li, X., Y. Zheng, et al. (1999). A study on Maillard reaction and its products during processing of red ginseng. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi. May 24(5): 274-288. {a} College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, China

Li, Z., Y. Y. Guo, et al. (1999). Protective effects of pseudoginsenoside-F11 on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice and rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. April 51(4): 435-440. {a} Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110015, China

Lu, W., G. Zheng, et al. (1999). Syntheses of two diastereoisomers of panaxytriol, a potent antitumor agent isolated from Panax ginseng. Tetrahedron . June 55(23): 7157-7168. {a} Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China

Ma, X., X. Wang, et al. (1999). Study on RAPD fingerprintings of wild mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng). Yaoxue Xuebao. April 34(4): 312-316. {a} Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100094, China

Maffei, F. R., M. Carini, et al. (1999). Panax ginseng administration in the rat prevents myocardial ischemia-reperfusion damage induced by hyperbaric oxygen: Evidence for an antioxidant intervention. Planta Medica. Oct. 65(7): 614-619. {a} Istituto Chimico Farmaceutico Tossicologico, Viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131, Milan, Italy

Matsuda, H. (1999). Study on efficacy of processed Ginseng, Red Ginseng. Natural Medicines. Oct. 53(5): 217-222. {a} Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Higashiosaka, Osaka, 577-8502, Japan

Ngan, F., P. Shaw, et al. (1999). Molecular authentication of Panax species. Phytochemistry Oxford 50(5): 787-791. {a} Department of Biochemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China

Oh, M., Y. H. Choi, et al. (1999). Anti-proliferating effects of ginsenoside Rh2 on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. International Journal of Oncology. May 14(5): 869-876. {a} Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Pusan, 609-735, South Korea

Oka, K., F. Saito, et al. (1999). The allergens of Dendropanax trifidus Makino and Fatsia japonica Decne. et Planch. and evaluation of cross-reactions with other plants of the Araliaceae family. Contact Dermatitis 40(4): 209-213. {a} Department of Dermatology, Nittsu Tokyo Hospital, 4-45-16 Ohtsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-0012, Japan

Okamoto, M., M. Kato, et al. (1999). Retention behaviour of products extracted from oriental medicine formulations in high-performance liquid chromatography on octadecyl acrylate-modified silicas. Journal of Chromatography A. June 845(1-2): 409-415. {a} Gifu Prefectural Tajimi Hospital, 5-161 Maehatacho, Tajimi, Gifu, 507-8522, Japan

Peng, Y., F. Liu, et al. (1999). Effects of danshen and shengmaiye on glomerulosclerosis by adriamycin in rats. Hunan Yike Daxue Xuebao. Aug. 24(4): 332-334. {a} Department of Internal Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hunan Medical University, Changsha, 410011, China

Phillipson, J. D. (1999). Radioligand-receptor binding assays in the search for bioactive principles from plants. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. May 51(5): 493-503. {a} Centre for Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK

Proctor, J. T. A., D. C. Percival, et al. (1999). Inflorescence removal affects root yield of American Ginseng. Hortscience 34(1): 82-84. Dep. Hortic. Sci., Univ. Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada

Qin, H. and T. Zhao (1999). Studies on the identification of traditional Chinese herbal medicines by 1HNMR. Yaoxue Xuebao. [print] Jan 34(1): 58-62. {a} Institute of Chemistry, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China

Ren, G. and F. Chen (1999). Simultaneous quantification of ginsenosides in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) root powder by visible/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. July 47(7): 2771-2775. {a} Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Byun, B. H., I. Shin, et al. (1997). Modulation of protein kinase C activity in NIH 3T3 cells by plant glycosides from Panax ginseng. Planta Medica 63(5): 389-392. {a} Dep. Biol. Sci., Korea Advanced Inst. Sci. Technol., Taejon 305-701, South Korea

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Chang, M. (1997). An experimental study on the antistimulative and antineoplastic effects of Radix ginseng used in combination with Fafces Trogopterus. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 22(11): 694-696, 705. {a} Haishu Clin. Inst. Integrated Trad. and Western Med., Ningbo 315000, China

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Choi, Y. E., H. S. Kim, et al. (1997). Developmental and structural aspects of somatic embryos formed on medium containing 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. Plant Cell Reports 16(11): 738-744. {a} Dep. Biol., Chonbuk Natl. Univ., Chonju 561-756, South Korea

Choi, Y. E. and W. Y. Soh (1997). Enhanced somatic single embryo formation by plasmolyzing pretreatment from cultured ginseng cotyledons. Plant Science Shannon 130(2): 197-206. {a} Dep. Biol., Chonbuk Natl. Univ., Chonju 560-756, South Korea

Choi, Y. E. and W. Y. Soh (1997). Effect of ammonium ion on morphogenesis from cultured cotyledon explants of Panax ginseng. Journal of Plant Biology 40(1): 21-26. {a} Dep. Biol., Chonbuk Natl. Univ., Chonju 560-756, South Korea

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Cui, J. F., I. Bjorkhem, et al. (1997). Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol for study on human urinary excretion of ginsenosides after ingestion of ginseng preparations. Journal of Chromatography B 689(2): 349-355. {a} Clinical Res. Centre, Novum, Huddinge Univ. Hospital, S-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden

Cui, X. (1997). Orally administered ginseng extract stimulates liver regeneration in partially hepatectomized rats. Acta Medica et Biologica 45(4): 161-166. {a} First Dep. Surg., Niigata Univ. Sch. Med., Asahimachi 1, Niigata 951, Japan

Dou, D. W. Y., Y. Pei, et al. (1997). Studies on the active constituents reducing side-effects of prednisone acetate in leaves of Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 22(3): 174-176, 192. {a} Dep. Phytochem., Shenyang Pharmaceutical Univ., Shenyang 110015, China

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Furutsu, M., Y. I. Koyama, et al. (1997). Preventive effects of the extract of Du-Zhong (Tochu) leaf and Ginseng root on acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos. Japanese Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 43(2): 92-100. {a} Dep. Biochem., Coll. Pharmacy, Nihon Univ., 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274, Japan

Fushimi, H., K. Komatsu, et al. (1997). Application of PCR-RFLP and MASA analyses on 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequence for the identification of three ginseng drugs. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20(7): 765-769. {a} Res. Inst. Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Med. Pharm. Univ., 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan

Gillis, C. N. (1997). Panax ginseng pharmacology: A nitric oxide link? Biochemical Pharmacology 54(1): 1-8. Dep. Anesthesiol., Yale Univ. Sch. Med., 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510, USA

Gomez, S. M. P., O. M. Palomino, et al. (1997). A new HPLC method for the analysis of ginsenosides in Panax ginseng. Fitoterapia 68(6): 533-536. {a} Departamento de Farmacologia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28048 Madrid, Spain

Hasegawa, H., J. H. Sung, et al. (1997). Role of human intestinal Prevotella oris in hydrolyzing Ginseng saponins. Planta Medica 63(5): 436-440. {a} Itto Inst. Life Sci. Research, Happy World Inc., 3-13-8 Shiraitodai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183, Japan

Huang, Y. G. L. X. G., S. Y. Cui, et al. (1997). Isolation and identification of germination inhibitors in American ginseng fruit. Acta Phytophysiologica Sinica 23(1): 83-88. Coll. Chinese Med. Materials, Jilin Agric. Univ., Changchun 130118, China

Huong, N. T. T., K. Matsumoto, et al. (1997). Involvement of supraspinal GABA receptors in majonoside-R2 suppression of clonidine-induced antinociception in mice. Life Sciences 61(4): 427-436. {a} Dep. Pharmacol., Res. Inst. Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Med. Pharm. Univ., 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan

Jeong, T. C., H. J. Kim, et al. (1997). Protective effects of red ginseng saponins against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Planta Medica 63(2): 136-140. {a} Toxicol. Res. Cent., Korea Res. Inst. Chem. Technol., P.O. Box 107, Yusung, Taejon, 305-606, South Korea

Kim, H. J., Y. J. Chun, et al. (1997). Protection of rat liver microsomes against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation by red Ginseng saponin through cytochrome P450 inhibition. Planta Medica 63(5): 415-418. {a} Toxicol. Research Center, Korea Research Inst. Chem. Technol., P.O. Box 107, Yusung, Taejon 305-606, South Korea

Kim, Y. W., D. K. Song, et al. (1997). Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract decreases serum gamma-globulin and IgG-1 isotype in mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 58(1): 55-58. {a} Dep. Microbiol., Coll. Med., Hallym Univ., Chunchon, Kangwon-Do 200-702, South Korea

Kitanaka, S., M. Kunishi, et al. (1997). Ginsenoside production, tissue culture and induction of regeneration of interspecific hybrid Ginseng (Panax ginseng X P. quinquefolium). Natural Medicines 51(1): 1-3. {a} Coll. Pharm., Nihon Univ., 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274, Japan

Kobayashi, M., T. Mahmud, et al. (1997). The absolute stereostructures of the polyacetylenic constituents of Ginseng Radix Rubra. Tetrahedron 53(46): 15691-15700. {a} Fac. Pharmaceutical Sci., Osaka Univ., 1-6, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan

Kushiro, T., Y. Ohno, et al. (1997). In vitro conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene into dammarenediol by Panax ginseng microsomes. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20(3): 292-294. {a} Fac. Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan

Kwon, B. M., S. H. Ro, et al. (1997). Polyacetylene analogs, isolated from hairy roots of Panax ginseng, inhibit acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. Planta Medica 63(6): 552-553. {a} Protein Regul. RU, Korea Res. Inst. Biosci. and Biotechnol., KIST, P.O. Box 115, Yoosung, Taejon 305-600, South Korea

Kwon, W. S. and J. M. Lee (1997). Changes of cytokinins and gibberellin contents during low temperature storage of dehisced ginseng seeds. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science 38(2): 111-115. {a} Korea Ginseng Tobacco Res. Inst., Taejon 305-345, South Korea

Lee, Y., E. Chung, et al. (1997). Ginsenoside-Rg1, one of the major active molecules from Panax ginseng, is a functional ligand of glucocorticoid receptor. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 133(2): 135-140. {a} Coll. Pharmacy, Seoul Natl. Univ., Seoul 151-742, South Korea

Lee, Y. S., I. S. Chung, et al. (1997). Activation of multiple effector pathways of immune system by the antineoplastic immunostimulator acidic polysaccharide ginsan isolated from Panax ginseng. Anticancer Research 17(1a): 323-331. {a} Lab. Immunol., Korea Cancer Cent. Hosp., KAERI, 215-4 Hongneung-dong, Nowon-ku, Seoul 139-240, South Korea

Li, J. Q., X. G. Zhang, et al. (1997). Study on the anti-apoptotic mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 in cultured cortical neurons. Yaoxue Xuebao 32(6): 406-410. {a} Inst. Materia Med., Chinese Acad. Med. Sci., Beijing 100060, China

Li, T. S. C., R. S. Utkhede, et al. (1997). Chemical and biological control of leaf blight and root rot caused by Phytophthora cactorum in American ginseng. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 19(3): 297-300. Pacific Agri-Food Res. Cent., Agric. Agri-Food Can., Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada

Lim, H. T., H. S. Lee, et al. (1997). Regeneration of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer by organogenesis and nuclear DNA analysis of regenerants. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 49(3): 179-187. Dep. Physiological Botany, Uppsalla Univ., Villavagen 6, Uppsala, Sweden

Liu, S. and J. J. Zhong (1997). Simultaneous production of ginseng saponin and polysaccharide by suspension cultures of Panax ginseng: Nitrogen effects. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 21(7): 518-524. {a} East China Univ. Sci. Technol., State Key Lab. Bioreactor Eng., 130 Meilong Rd., Shanghai 200237, China

Metori, K., M. Furutsu, et al. (1997). The preventive effect of Ginseng with Du-Zhong leaf on protein metabolism in aging. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 20(3): 237-242. {a} Dep. Biochemistry, College Pharmacy, Nihon Univ., 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274, Japan

Moiseyev, G. P., L. I. Fedoreyeva, et al. (1997). Primary structures of two ribonucleases from ginseng calluses: New members of the PR-10 family of intracellular pathogenesis-related plant proteins. FEBS Letters 407(2): 207-210. {a} Dep. Biochemistry, Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747 AG Groningen, Netherlands

Ota, T., M. Maeda, et al. (1997). G-1 phase-specific suppression of the Cdk2 activity by ginsenoside Rh-2 in cultured murine cells. Life Sciences 60(2): L39-PL44. {a} Dep. Pathol., Kanazawa Med. Univ., 1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku, Ishikawa 920-02, Japan

Punja, Z. K. (1997). Fungal pathogens of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 19(3): 301-306. {a} Cent. Pest Manage., Dep. Biol. Sci., Simon Fraser Univ., Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada

Ren, G. and F. Chen (1997). Determination of moisture content of ginseng by near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy. Food Chemistry 60(3): 433-436. {a} Dep. Bot., Univ. Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Ren, G., F. Chen, et al. (1997). Changes in hormone content of Panax quinquefolium seeds during stratification. Journal of Horticultural Science 72(6): 901-906. {a} Dep. Botany, Univ. Hong Kong, Pokfulam Rd., Hong Kong

Ro, J. Y., Y. S. Ahn, et al. (1997). Effects of ginsenosides on the mechanism of histamine release in the guinea pig lung mast cells activated by specific antigen-antibody reactions. Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1(4): 445-456. {a} Dep. Pharmacol., Yonsei Univ. Coll. Med., Seoul 120-752, South Korea

Rui, H. (1997). Research and development of cancer chemopreventive agents in China. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Supplement(27): 7-11. {a} Inst. Materia Med., Chinese Acad. Med. Sci., Beijing, China

Ryu, J. H., J. H. Park, et al. (1997). A dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Phytochemistry Oxford 44(5): 931-933. {a} Coll. Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's Univ., Seoul 140-742, South Korea

Salim, K. N., B. S. McEwen, et al. (1997). Ginsenoside Rb1 regulates ChAT, NGF and trkA and mRNA expression in the rat brain. Molecular Brain Research 47(1-2): 177-182. {a} Rockefeller Univ., 1230 York Ave., Box 165, New York, NY 10021, USA

See, D. M., N. Broumand, et al. (1997). In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 35(3): 229-235. {a} Dep. Med., Div. Infect. Dis., U.C. Irvine Med. Cent., 101 The City Dr., Orange, CA 92668, USA

Seong, Y. H. and H. S. Kim (1997). Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponins on hypoxia-induced dysfunction and injuries of cultured astrocytes. Archives of Pharmacal Research Seoul 20(2): 103-109. {a} Coll. Vet. Med., Chungbuk Natl. Univ., Cheongiju 360-763, South Korea

Shin, K. S., H. Kiyohara, et al. (1997). Rhamnogalacturonan II from the leaves of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a macrophage Fc receptor expression-enhancing polysaccharide. Carbohydrate Research 300(3): 239-249. {a} Oriental Med. Res. Center, Kitasato Inst., Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan

Shin, Y. H., S. C. Kim, et al. (1997). Study on ginseng protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol saponins-induced antinociception. Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 1(2): 143-149. {a} Coll. Vet. Med., Chonnam Natl. Univ., KwangJu 500-757, South Korea

Srisurapanon, S., K. Rungroeng, et al. (1997). The effect of standardized ginseng extract on peripheral blood leukocytes and lymphocyte subsets: A preliminary study in young healthy adults. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 80(Suppl. 1): S81-S85. {a} Dep. Pathol., Fac. Med., Ramathibodi Hosp., Mahidol Univ., Bangkok 10400, Thailand

Stano, J., L. Bezakova, et al. (1997). Beta-Galactosidase in immobilized cells of Panax ginseng (C. A. Mey). Pharmazie 52(7): 569-570. {a} Garden Medicinal Plants, Fac. Pharm., Kalinciakova 8, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia

Sur, T. K. and D. Bhattacharyya (1997). The effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain and hypothalamic 5-hydroxytryptamine during stress. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 29(5): 318-321. {a} Dep. Pharmacol., Univ. Coll. Med., Univ. Calcutta, 244-B Acharya J.C. Bose Rd., Calcutta 700 020, India

Teng, W. L. and L. Nicholson (1997). Pulse treatments of penicillin-G and streptomycin minimise internal infections and have post-treatment effects on the morphogenesis of ginseng root culture. Plant Cell Reports 16(8): 531-535. Hong Kong Inst. Biotechnology, 2 Biotechnology Avenue, 12 Miles, Tai Po Road, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong

Wakabayashi, C., H. Hasegawa, et al. (1997). In vitro antimetastatic action on ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins is based on their intestinal bacterial metabolites after oral administration. Oncology Research 9(8): 411-417. {a} Res. Inst. Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Med. Pharm. Univ., 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan

Wang, Y. H., C. Y. Hong, et al. (1997). Determinations of trilinolein and 1,2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleoyl-glycerol in various Panax Ginseng by HPLC. Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies 20(6): 899-905. {a} Inst. Tradiaitonal Med., National Yang-Ming Univ., Shih-Pai, Taipei 112, Taiwan

Wesnes, K. A., R. A. Faleni, et al. (1997). The cognitive, subjective, and physical effects of a Ginkgo biloba/Panax ginseng combination in healthy volunteers with neurasthenic complaints. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 33(4): 677-683. {a} Cognitive Drug Res. Ltd., Priory Court, Beech Hill, Reading RG7 2BJ, UK

Zhang, Z. E. S. S. X. and J. P. Xiao (1997). Analysis of morphology and protein electrophoresis of wild and cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey.) seeds. Journal of Plant Resources and Environment 6(4): 19-23. Inst. Crop Germplasm Resources, Chin. Acad. Agric. Sci., Beijing 100081, China

Abdrasilov, B. S., R. E. Elemesov, et al. (1996). Study of the influence of ginseng ginsenosides on phase transfers of membranes of dipalmitoylphosphatidyl choline. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya 41(2): 22-29. {a} Inst. Cell Biophys., Russ. Acad. Sci., Pushchino, Russia

Abdrasilov, B. S., Y. A. Kim, et al. (1996). The effect of total saponins from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer on the intracellular signalling system in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology International 38(3): 519-526. Inst. Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy Sciences, 142292 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia

Ahn, C. H., W. M. Yoon, et al. (1996). Effects of auxin and sucrose on cell growth and production of phenolic compounds in cell suspension culture of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science 37(2): 340-344. {a} Dep. Hortic., Paichai Univ., Taejeon 302-735, South Korea

Ahn, I. O. (1996). Regeneration of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) through the maturation process of somatic embryos. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science 37(6): 777-780. Korea Ginseng Tobacco Res. Inst., Taejon 305-345, South Korea

Ahn, I. O., L. B. Van, et al. (1996). Direct somatic embryogenesis through thin cell layer culture in Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 45(3): 237-243. {a} Inst. Biotechnol. des Plantes, CNRS URA 1128, Univ. Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France

Akoev, V. R., R. E. Elemesov, et al. (1996). Effects of triterpenoid glycosides of the dammaran series and their aglycones on phase transitions of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. Biologicheskie Membrany Moscow 13(6): 605-611. {a} Inst. Theor. Exp. Biophys., Russ. Acad. Sci., Pushchino, Russia

Baek, N. I., D. S. Kim, et al. (1996). Ginsenoside Rh-4, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Planta Medica 62(1): 86-87. {a} Korea Ginseng Tobacco Res. Inst., Yuseong P.O. Box 7, Taejeon 305-345, South Korea

Bulgakov, V. P., M. V. Khodakovskaya, et al. (1996). Synthesis of secondary metabolites in cephazolin-resistant cell cultures of Lithospermum erythrorhizon and Panax ginseng. Prikladnaya Biokhimiya i Mikrobiologiya 32(4): 453-457. Inst. Biol. Soil Sci., Far East Div., Russ. Acad. Sci., Vladivostok 690022, Russia

Caso, M. A., R. R. Vargas, et al. (1996). Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract. Drugs under Experimental and Clinical Research 22(6): 323-329. {a} Secretario Acad. Univ. Nacional Autonoma, Mexico

Chen, X. (1996). Cardiovascular protection by ginsenosides and their nitric oxide releasing action. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 23(8): 728-732. Dep. Pharmacol., Human Med. Univ., Changsha, 410078, China

Choi, S. R., H. Saji, et al. (1996). Ginseng pretreatment protects against transient global cerebral ischemia in the rat: Measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization by (14C)deoxyglucose autoradiography. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19(4): 644-646. {a} Dep. Radiopharmaceutical Chem., Fac. Pharmaceutical Sci., Kyoto Univ., Shimoadachi-cho, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-01, Japan

Choi, Y. E. and W. Y. Soh (1996). The role of excision on somatic embryogenesis from mature ginseng zygotic embryos. Phytomorphology 46(2): 151-159. Dep. Biol., Chonbuk Natl. Univ., Chonju 560-756, South Korea

Choi, Y. E. and W. Y. Soh (1996). Effect of plumule and radicle on somatic embryogenesis in the cultures of ginseng zygotic embryos. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 45(2): 137-143. Dep. Biol., Chonbuk Natl. Univ., Chonju 561-756, South Korea

Concha, C., S. Hu, et al. (1996). The proliferative responses of cow stripping milk and blood lymphocytes to pokeweed mitogen and ginseng in vitro. Veterinary Research Paris 27(2): 107-115. {a} National Veterinary Inst., Dep. Veterinary Microbiol., Swedish Univ. Agric. Sci., Box 7073, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden

Court, W. A., L. B. Reynolds, et al. (1996). Influence of root age on the concentration of ginsenosides of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76(4): 853-855. {a} Chem. Lab., Agric. Agri-Food Canada, Pest Management Res. Cent., P.O. Box 186, Delhi, ON N4B 2W9, Canada

Dong, E., T. Yokozawa, et al. (1996). The role of total ginseng saponin and its components in antiperoxidation in vitro. Natural Medicines 50(2): 128-133. {a} Res. Inst. Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Med. Pharmaceutical Univ., 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan

Dou, D., Y. Wen, et al. (1996). Ginsenoside-I-a: A novel minor saponin from the leaves of Panax ginseng. Planta Medica 62(2): 179-181. {a} Dep. Phytochem., Shenyang Pharm. Univ., 103 Wenhua Rd., Shenyang 110015, China

Engels, H. J., J. M. Said, et al. (1996). Failure of chronic ginseng supplementation to affect work performance and energy metabolism in healthy adult females. Nutrition Research 16(8): 1295-1305. Div. HPR, Exercise Science Lab., Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI 48202, USA

Fushimi, H., K. Komatsu, et al. (1996). 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of three Panax species and the corresponding ginseng drugs. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 19(11): 1530-1532. {a} Research Inst. Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Med. Pharmaceutical Univ., 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan

Gorskaya, N. V. and S. L. Karanova (1996). Cell differentiation induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes in ginseng cells cultivated in vitro for a long time. Fiziologiya Rastenii Moscow 43(4): 606-612. {a} K.A. Timiryazev Inst. Plant Physiol., Russ. Acad. Sci., ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia

Gu, J. Q., X. Y. Xu, et al. (1996). Determination of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 in ginseng royal jelly oral liquid by densitometry. Phytochemical Analysis 7(3): 152-155. {a} Inst. Materia Medica, Chinese Acad. Med. Sci., Beijing 100050, China

Han, K. D., S. S. Lee, et al. (1996). Effects of beneficial microorganisms and mycorrhizal fungus colonized rhizoplane on the suppression of root rot pathogen, Fusarium solani. Korean Journal of Mycology 24(1): 38-48. {a} Dep. Applied Biology, Dongguk Univ., Seoul 100-715, South Korea

Han, S. W. and H. Kim (1996). Ginsenosides stimulate endogenous production of nitric oxide in rat kidney. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 28(5): 573-580. {a} Dep. Urol., Yonsei Univ. Coll. Med., Seoul 120-752, South Korea

Hasegawa, H., J. H. Sung, et al. (1996). Main Ginseng saponin metabolites formed by intestinal bacteria. Planta Medica 62(5): 453-457. {a} Itto Inst. Life Sci. Res., Happy World Inc., 3-13-8 Shiraitodai, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183, Japan

Hong, E. J., K. Huh, et al. (1996). Effect of ginseng saponin on gap junction channel reconstituted with connexin32. Archives of Pharmacal Research Seoul 19(4): 264-268. {a} Dep. Biochem., Yeungnam Univ., Kyongsan 712-749, South Korea

Huong, N. T. T., K. Matsumoto, et al. (1996). Effects of majonoside-R2 on pentobarbital sleep and gastric lesion in psychologically stressed mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 53(4): 957-963. {a} Div. Pharmacol., Res. Inst. Wakan-Yaku, Toyama Med. Pharmaceutical Univ., 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-01, Japan

Jin, Z. Q. (1996). The action of ginsenoside Re on inotropy and chronotropy of isolated atria prepared from guinea pigs. Planta Medica 62(4): 314-316. Dep. Pharmacol., Hunan Med. Univ., Changsha 410078, China

Kajiwara, H., A. M. Hemmings, et al. (1996). Evidence of metal binding activities of pentadecapeptide from Panax ginseng. Journal of Chromatography B 687(2): 443-448. {a} Dep. Mol. Biol., Natl. Inst. Agrobiol. Resources, Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba 305, Japan

Kawaguchi, K., T. Watanabe, et al. (1996). Biotransformation of digitoxigenin by cultured ginseng cells. Phytochemistry Oxford 42(3): 667-669. {a} Med. Plant Garden, Sch. Pharm. Sci., Kitasato Univ., 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228, Japan

Kim, H. S., C. G. Jang, et al. (1996). Effects of ginseng total saponin on cocaine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 53(1): 185-190. {a} Dep. Pharmacol., Coll. Pharm., Chungbuk Natl. Univ., Cheongju 360-763, South Korea

Kim, H. Y. and K. H. Kim (1996). Hepatoprotective effect of Panax ginseng against thioacetamide intoxication in rats. Asia Pacific Journal of Pharmacology 11(3-4): 91-96. {a} Dep. Pharmacol., Yonsei Univ. Coll. Med., Seoul 120-752, South Korea

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Kim, S. I., J. H. Park, et al. (1996). Ginsenoside Rg-5, a genuine dammarane glycoside from Korean red ginseng. Archives of Pharmacal Research Seoul 19(6): 551-553. {a} Ginseng Tobacco Res. Inst., Yuseong P.O. Box 7, Shinseong-Dong 302, Yuseong-Ku, Taejeon 305-345, South Korea

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