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Benson, L. K., S. A. Rice, et al. (1999). Evidence of cellulose digestion in the wood boring isopod Sphaeroma terebrans. Florida Scientist. Spring 62(2): 128-144. {a} Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA

Cartas, C. G. M., S. C. Arguero, et al. (1999). Distribution of mangrove in four coastal lagoon systems along the Chiapas Coast, Mexico. Boletin de la Sociedad Botanica de Mexico. Jan. June(64): 25-34. {a} Laboratorio de Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico, DF, Mexico

Chen, R. and R. R. Twilley (1999). Patterns of mangrove forest structure and soil nutrient dynamics along the Shark River Estuary, Florida. Estuaries . Dec. 22(4): 955-970. {a} Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504-2451, USA

Chen, R. and R. R. Twilley (1999). Patterns of mangrove forest structure and soil nutrient dynamics along the Shark River Estuary, Florida. Estuaries . Dec. 22(4): 955-970. {a} Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70504-2451, USA

Chen, R. and R. R. Twilley (1999). A simulation model of organic matter and nutrient accumulation in mangrove wetland soils. Biogeochemistry Dordrecht 44(1): 93-118. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Southwest. La., Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA

Cox, E. F. and J. A. Allen (1999). Stand structure and productivity of the introduced Rhizophora mangle in Hawaii. Estuaries . June 22(2a): 276-284. {a} Pacific Southwest Research Station, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 1151 Punchbowl St., Rm. 323, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA

Dawes, C., K. Siar, et al. (1999). Mangrove structure, litter and macroalgal productivity in a northern-most forest of Florida. Mangroves and Salt Marshes. Dec. 3(4): 259-267. {a} Department of Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA

Ellison, A. M., C. E. Proffitt, et al. (1999). Cumulative effects of oil spills on mangroves and reply. Ecological Applications. Nov. 9(4): 1490-1496. {a} Department of Biological Sciences and Program in Environmental Studies, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA

Elster, C. and L. Perdomo (1999). Rooting and vegetative propagation in Laguncularia racemosa. Aquatic Botany 63(2): 83-93. {a} Wiesenstr. 7, 57290, Neunkirchen, Germany

Elster, C., L. Perdomo, et al. (1999). Impact of ecological factors on the regeneration of mangroves in the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia. Hydrobiologia . Oct. 5(413): 35-46. {a} Wiesenstr. 7, D-57290, Neunkirchen, Germany

Feller, I. C. and K. L. McKee (1999). Small gap creation in Belizean mangrove forests by a wood-boring insect. Biotropica . Dec. 31(4): 607-617. {a} Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037-0028, USA

Feller, I. C., D. F. Whigham, et al. (1999). Effects of nutrient enrichment on within-stand cycling in a mangrove forest. Ecology Washington D C. Oct. 80(7): 2193-2205. {a} Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA

Fernandes, M. E. B. (1999). Phenological patterns of Rhizophora L., Avicennia L. and Laguncularia Gaertn. f. in Amazonian mangrove swamps. Hydrobiologia . Oct. 5(413): 53-62. {a} Depto. de Biologia, Campus Universitario do Bacanga, Universidade Federal do Maranhao, Av. dos Portugueses S/N, Sao Luis-Maranhao, 65080-40, Brazil

Fleck, J. and W. K. Fitt (1999). Degrading mangrove leaves of Rhizophora mangle Llinne provide a natural cue for settlement and metamorphosis of the upside down jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana Bigelow. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 234(1): 83-94. {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Spezielle Zoologie, Ruhr-Univ., 44780 Bochum, Germany

Fleck, J., W. K. Fitt, et al. (1999). A proline-rich peptide originating from decomposing mangrove leaves is one natural metamorphic cue of the tropical jellyfish Cassiopea xamachana. Marine Ecology Progress Series. July 6(183): 115-124. {a} Lehrstuhl fuer Spezielle Zoologie, Ruhr-Universitaet, D-44780, Bochum, Germany

Hanagata, N., T. Takemura, et al. (1999). Salt/water relationships in mangroves. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 47(2): 63-76. {a} RCAST, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153, Japan

Martinez, M. M. E. and L. M. A. Aladro (1999). Some ecological aspects of epibiontic sessiline ciliates attached to submerged roots of Rhizophora mangle L. in Tamiahua Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico. Tropical Ecology. [print] Summer 40(1): 163-166. {a} Lab. Protozoologia, Fac. Ciencias, UNAM, Cd. Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

Parkinson, R. W., B. M. Perez, et al. (1999). Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) litter fall response to selective pruning (Indian River Lagoon, Florida, U.S.A.). Hydrobiologia . Oct. 5(413): 63-76. {a} Division of Marine and Environmental Systems, Florida Institute of Technology, 150 West University Blvd., Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA

Pena, E. J., R. Zingmark, et al. (1999). Comparative photosynthesis of two species of intertidal epiphytic macroalgae on mangrove roots during submersion and emersion. Journal of Phycology. dEC. 35(6): 1206-1214. {a} Department of Biological Sciences, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

Riley, R. W., Jr. and K. C. P. Salgado (1999). Riley encased methodology: Principles and processes of mangrove habitat creation and restoration. Mangroves and Salt Marshes. Dec. 3(4): 207-213. {a} Mangrove Replenishment Initiative, Melbourne Beach, FL, 32951, USA

Salgado, K. C. P. and J. Lin (1999). A comparison of Riley encased methodology and traditional techniques for planting red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle). Mangroves and Salt Marshes. Dec. 3(4): 215-225. {a} School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Northern Territory University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia

Smith, S. M. and D. W. Lee (1999). Effects of light quantity and quality on early seedling development in the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle L. Bulletin of Marine Science. Nov. 65(3): 795-806. {a} Everglades Systems Research Division, Ecosystem Restoration Department, South Florida Water Management District, 3301 Gun Club Road, West Palm Beach, FL, USA

Soares, M. L. G. (1999). Structure and degree of perturbation of mangroves at Tijuca Lagoon, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Aug. 59(3): 503-515. {a} Departamento de Oceanografia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Sao Francisco Xavier, 524, 4th andar, CEP 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Sousa, W. P. and B. J. Mitchell (1999). The effect of seed predators on plant distributions: Is there a general pattern in mangroves? Oikos . July 86(1): 55-66. {a} Dept of Integrative Biology, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA

Steele, O. C., K. C. Ewel, et al. (1999). The importance of propagule predation in a forest of non-indigenous mangrove trees. Wetlands . Sept. 19(3): 705-708. {a} American Samoa Community College Land Grant Program, Pago Pago, AS, 96799, USA

Thiel, M. (1999). Reproductive biology of a wood-boring isopod, Sphaeroma terebrans, with extended parental care. Marine Biology Berlin. Nov. 135(2): 321-333. {a} Facultad Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Campus Guayacan, Coquimbo, Chile

Williams, L. A. D. (1999). Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae) triterpenoids with insecticidal activity. Naturwissenschaften . Sept. 86(9): 450-452. {a} Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica

Yano, O. and M. Z. R. de (1999). Frullaniaceae of the mangrove of south littoral of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Iheringia Serie Botanica. [print] Out 52: 65-87. {a} Instituto de Botanica, CEP 01061-970, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Alarcon, A. F. J., R. R. Roman, et al. (1998). Study of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 61(2): 101-110. {a} Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Av. Michoacan y La Purisima, Col. Vicentina, 09340, Apartado Postal 55-535, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

Allen, J. A. (1998). Mangroves as alien species: The case of Hawaii. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7(1): 61-71. {a} USDA Forest Serv., Inst. Pacific Islands Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St., Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA

Alleng, G. P. (1998). Historical development of the Port Royal mangrove wetland, Jamaica. Journal of Coastal Research 14(3): 951-959. {a} Inst. Mar. Aff., Hilltop Lane, Chaguaramas, Trinidad and, Trinidad and Tobago

Chen, R. and R. R. Twilley (1998). A gap dynamic model of mangrove forest development along gradients of soil salinity and nutrient resources. Journal of Ecology 86(1): 37-51. Dep. Biol., Univ. Southwestern La., Lafayette, LA 70504-2451, USA

Colonnello, G. and E. Medina (1998). Vegetation changes induced by dam construction in a tropical estuary: The case of the Manamo river, Orinoco Delta (Venezuela). Plant Ecology 139(2): 145-154. {a} Mus. Historia Natl. La Salle, Aptdo. 1930, Caracas 1010, Venezuela

Dominguez, C. A., L. E. Eguiarte, et al. (1998). Flower morphometry of Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae): Geographical variation in Mexican populations. American Journal of Botany 85(5): 637-643. {a} Departamento de Ecologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecologia, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-275, Mexico 04510, D.F., Mexico

Espinosa, L. F., N. H. Campos, et al. (1998). Residues of the organochlorine compounds lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, pp'DDE, pp'DDD y pp'DDT were determined in leaves of two species of mangrove (Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans) from the Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta. Caldasia 20(1): 44-56. {a} INVEMAR, Apartado 1016, Santa Marta, Colombia

Klekowski, E. J. (1998). Mutation rates in mangroves and other plants. Genetica Dordrecht 102-103: 325-331. {a} Biol. Dep., Morrill Sci. Cent., Univ. Mass., Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Pelegri, S. P. and R. R. Twilley (1998). Heterotrophic nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) during leaf-litter decomposition of two mangrove species from South Florida, USA. Marine Biology Berlin 131(1): 53-61. {a} Lab. d'Oceanographie Biol. et d'Ecol. Plancton Marin, CNRS-ESA 7076, Station Zoologique, B.P. 28, F-06234 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France

Proffitt, C. E. and D. J. Devlin (1998). Are there cumulative effects in red mangroves from oil spills during seedling and sapling stages? Ecological Applications 8(1): 121-127. {a} Louisiana Environmental Research Center, McNeese State Univ., P.O. Box 90220, Lake Charles, LA 70609, USA

Sherman, R. E., T. J. Fahey, et al. (1998). Soil-plant interactions in a neotropical mangrove forest: Iron, phosphorus and sulfur dynamics. Oecologia Berlin 115(4): 553-563. {a} Dep. Natural Resources, Fernow Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, USA

Silva, C. A. R., A. A. Mozeto, et al. (1998). Distribution and fluxes as macrodetritus of phosphorus in red mangroves, Sepetiba Bay, Brazil. Mangroves and Salt Marshes 2(1): 37-42. Dep. Oceanografia Limnol., Centro Biociencias, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal/RN, CP 1202, 59075-970, Brazil

Snedaker, S. C. and R. J. Araujo (1998). Stomatal conductance and gas exchange in four species of Caribbean mangroves exposed to ambient and increased CO2. Marine and Freshwater Research 49(4): 325-327. Div. Marine Biol. and Fish., Rosenstiel Sch. Marine and Atmospheric Sci., Univ. Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA

Ukpong, I. (1998). Relation between vegetation, soil nutrient content and salinity in an estuarine mangrove swamp in West Africa. Polish Journal of Ecology 46(1): 65-73. {a} Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Uyo, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

Araujo, R. J., J. C. Jaramillo, et al. (1997). LAI and leaf size differences in two red mangrove forest types in south Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 60(3): 643-647. {a} Div. Marine Biol. Fisheries, Rosenstiel Sch. Marine Atmospheric Sci., Univ. Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA

Cheeseman, J. M., L. B. Herendeen, et al. (1997). Photosynthesis and photoprotection in mangroves under field conditions. Plant Cell and Environment 20(5): 579-588. {a} Dep. Plant Biol., Univ. Ill., 505 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL 61801, USA

De, G. S. A. P., M. A. S. Mayworm, et al. (1997). Contents of lignins, nitrogen and tannins in leaves of typical species of mangroves. Revista Brasileira de Botanica 20(1): 35-40. {a} Dep. Bot., Inst. Biociencias, Univ. Sao Paulo, Caixa Postal 11461, 05422-970 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Duke, N. C., Z. S. P. M, et al. (1997). Large-scale damage to mangrove forests following two large oil spills in Panama. Biotropica 29(1): 2-14. {a} 22-24 Victoria Street, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia

Ellison, A. M. and E. J. Farnsworth (1997). Simulated sea level change alters anatomy, physiology, growth, and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia Berlin 112(4): 435-446. {a} Nature Conservancy, Connecticut Chapter, 55 High St., Middletown, CT 06457-3788, USA

Farnsworth, E. J. and A. M. Ellison (1997). Global patterns of pre-dispersal propagule predation in mangrove forests. Biotropica 29(3): 318-330. {a} Dep. Organ. Evol. Biol., Harvard Univ. Herbaria, 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Feller, I. C. and W. N. Mathis (1997). Primary herbivory by wood-boring insects along an architectural gradient of Rhizopora mangle. Biotropica 29(4): 440-451. {a} Smithsonian Environ. Res. Cent., PO Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA

Imbert, D. and S. Menard (1997). Vegetation structure and primary production in the mangrove of Fort-de-France Bay, Martinique, (F.W.I.). Biotropica 29(4): 413-426. {a} Univ. Antilles Guyane, Fac. Sci. Exactes Nat., Lab. Biol. Physiol. Vegetales, 97159 Pointe-a-Pitre Cedex, Guadeloupe

Koch, M. S. (1997). Rhizophora mangle L. seedling development into the sapling stage across resource and stress gradients in subtropical Florida. Biotropica 29(4): 427-439. {a} Dep. Biol. Sci., Florida Atlantic Univ., 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA

Koch, M. S. and S. C. Snedaker (1997). Factors influencing Rhizophora mangle L. seedling development in Everglades carbonate soils. Aquatic Botany 59(1-2): 87-98. {a} Dep. Biol. Sci., Florida Atlantic Univ., 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431-0991, USA

Lorenz, J. J., C. C. McIvor, et al. (1997). A drop net and removable walkway used to quantitatively sample fishes over wetland surfaces in the dwarf mangroves of the southern Everglades. Wetlands 17(3): 346-359. {a} Natl. Audubon Society, 115 Indian Mound Trail, Tavernier, FL 33079, USA

Newell, S. Y. and J. W. Fell (1997). Competition among mangrove oomycotes, and between oomycotes and other microbes. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 12(1): 21-28. {a} Marine Inst., Univ. Georgia, Sapelo Island, GA 31327, USA

Pelegri, S. P., M. V. H. Rivera, et al. (1997). A comparison of nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) among three species of mangrove litter, sediments, and pneumatophores in south Florida, USA. Hydrobiologia 356: 73-79. {a} Lab. d'Oceanographie Biologique et d'Ecologie du Planctodn Marin, CNRS-URA 2077, Station Zoologique BP 28, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France

Pezeshki, S. R., R. D. Delaune, et al. (1997). Carbon assimilation and biomass partitioning in Avicennia germinans and Rhizophora mangle seedlings in response to soil redox conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 37(2-3): 161-171. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

Phillips, S., G. E. Rouse, et al. (1997). Vegetation zones and diagnostic pollen profiles of a coastal peat swamp, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 128(1-4): 301-338. {a} Dep. Geol. Sci., Univ. British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1A4, Canada

Sheridan, P. (1997). Benthos of adjacent mangrove, seagrass and non-vegetated habitats in Rookery Bay, Florida, U.S.A. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 44(4): 455-469. U.S. Dep. Commerce, NOAA, Natl. Marine Fisheries Serv., Southeast Fisheries Sci. Center, 4700 Ave. U, Galveston, TX 77551-5997, USA

Zhang, S., D. Zheng, et al. (1997). Tideland pollution in Guangdong Province of China and mangrove afforestation. Forest Research 10(6): 639-646. Res. Inst. Trop. For., CAF, Guangzhou 510520, China

Conceicao, E. D. and G. Couto (1996). Structure and phytosociology of Maciel tidal creek mangrove (Paranagua-Bay-Southeastern Brazil). Arquivos de Biologia e Tecnologia Curitiba 39(3): 497-507. Lab. Ecossistemas Costeiros, Dep. Biologia, Univ. Federal Sergipe, Campus Univ., Jardim Rosa Elze, 49100-000 Sao Cristovao, Sergipe, Brazil

Conde, J. E. (1996). A profile of laguna de tacarigua, Venezuela: A tropical estuarine coastal lagoon. Interciencia 21(5): 282-292, 315-317, 319. Centro Ecol., IVIC, Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela

Day, J. W., Jr., M. C. Coronado, et al. (1996). A 7 year record of above-ground net primary production in a southeastern Mexican mangrove forest. Aquatic Botany 55(1): 39-60. {a} Dep. Oceanography Coastal Sci. Coastal Ecol. Inst., Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA

Ellison, A. M. and E. J. Farnsworth (1996). Anthropogenic disturbance of Caribbean mangrove ecosystems: Past impacts, present trends, and future predictions. Biotropica 28(4 Part A): 549-565. {a} Dep. Biol. Sci., Mount Holyoke Coll., 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075-6418, USA

Ellison, A. M. and E. J. Farnsworth (1996). Spatial and temporal variability in growth of Rhizophora mangle saplings on coral cays: Links with variation in insolation, herbivory, and local sedimentation rate. Journal of Ecology 84(5): 717-731. {a} Dep. Biol. Sciences, Program Environ. Studies, Mount Holyoke College, 50 College St., South Hadley, MA 01075-6418, USA

Ellison, A. M., E. J. Farnsworth, et al. (1996). Facultative mutualism between red mangroves and root-fouling sponges in Belizean mangal. Ecology Washington D C 77(8): 2431-2444. {a} Dep. Biol. Sci., Mt. Holyoke Coll., Clapp Lab., South Hadley, MA 01075-6418, USA

Farnsworth, E. J. and A. M. Ellison (1996). Sun-shade adaptability of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle (Rhizophoraceae): Changes through ontogeny at several levels of biological organization. American Journal of Botany 83(9): 1131-1143. {a} Dep. Organismic Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Univ. Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Farnsworth, E. J. and A. M. Ellison (1996). Scale-dependent spatial and temporal variability in biogeography of mangrove root epibiont communities. Ecological Monographs 66(1): 45-66. {a} Dep. Organismic Evolutionary Biology, Harvard Univ., 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Farnsworth, E. J., A. M. Ellison, et al. (1996). Elevated CO-2 alters anatomy, physiology, growth and reproduction of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Oecologia Berlin 108(4): 599-609. {a} Dep. Organismic Evolutionary Biol., Harvard Univ., 22 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

Feller, I. C. (1996). Effects of nutrient enrichment on leaf anatomy of dwarf Rhizophora mangle L. (red mangrove). Biotropica 28(1): 13-22. Smithsonian Environ. Res. Cent., P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA

Klekowski, E. J., Jr., R. Lowenfeld, et al. (1996). Mangrove genetics. IV. Postzygotic mutations fixed as periclinal chimeras. International Journal of Plant Sciences 157(4): 398-405. {a} Biol. Dep., Univ. Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

McCoy, E. D., H. R. Mushinsky, et al. (1996). Mangrove damage caused by Hurricane Andrew on the southwestern coast of Florida. Bulletin of Marine Science 59(1): 1-8. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5150, USA

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Murren, C. J. and A. M. Ellison (1996). Effects of habitat, plant size, and floral display on male and female reproductive success of the Neotropical orchid Brassavola nodosa. Biotropica 28(1): 30-41. {a} Dep. Biol. Sci., Mount Holyoke Coll., Clapp Lab., South Hadley, MA 01075-6418, USA

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Feller, I. C. (1995). Effects of nutrient enrichment on growth and herbivory of dwarf red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). Ecological Monographs 65(4): 477-505. Smithsonian Environ. Res. Cent., P.O. Box 28, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA

Gonzalez, M. D. C. and T. Herrera (1995). Lignicolous marine micromycetes from Barra de Navidad coastal lagoon, State of Jalisco, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Micologia 11: 145-154. {a} Lab. Micol. y Fitopatol., Dep. Bot., Inst. Biol., UNAM, A.P. 70-233 Coyoacan, Mexico, DF 04510, Mexico

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Mullin, S. J. (1995). Estuarine fish populations among red mangrove prop roots of small overwash islands. Wetlands 15(4): 324-329. Dep. Biol., Univ. Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

Mullin, S. J. and H. R. Mushinsky (1995). Foraging ecology of the mangrove salt marsh snake, Nerodia clarkii compressicauda: Effects of vegetational density. Amphibia Reptilia 16(2): 167-175. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA

Perez, R., R. Condit, et al. (1995). Inventory of vegetation on Coiba Island, Panama: Composition and floristics. Revista de Biologia Tropical 44(1): 31-40. Cent. Investigaciones Forestales sel Tropico, Inst. Investigaciones Tropicales Smithsonian, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Rep. de Panama, Panama

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Ruetzler, K. (1995). Low-tide exposure of sponges in a Caribbean mangrove community. Marine Ecology 16(2): 165-179. Dep. Ivertebrate Zool., National Museum Natural History, Smithsonian Inst., Washington, DC 20560, USA

Smith, S. M. and S. C. Snedaker (1995). Salinity responses in two populations of viviparous Rhizophora mangle L. seedlings. Biotropica 27(4): 435-440. Div. Marine Biol. Fisheries, Rosensteil Sch. Marine Atmospheric Sci., Univ. Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA

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Smith, S. M., S. C. Snedaker, et al. (1995). Observations on the effects of naphthaleneacetic acid and gibberellic acid on the floating behavior and early development of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.) seedlings. Tropical Ecology 36(1): 129-135. {a} Div. Marine Biol. Fisheries, Rosenstiel Sch. Marine Atmospheric Sci., Univ. Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149-1098, USA

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Ukpong, I. E. (1995). An ordination study of mangrove swamp communities in West Africa. Vegetatio 116(2): 147-159. Dep. Geography, Univ. Uyo, Akawa Ibom State, Nigeria

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Klekowski, E. J., Jr., J. D. Corredor, et al. (1994). Petroleum pollution and mutation in mangroves. Marine Pollution Bulletin 28(3): 166-169. {a} Biol. Dep., Univ. Mass., Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Klekowski, E. J., Jr., R. Lowenfeld, et al. (1994). Mangrove genetics: II. Outcrossing and lower spontaneous mutation rates in Puerto Rican Rhizophora. International Journal of Plant Sciences 155(3): 373-381. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Mass., Amherst, MA 01003, USA

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Levings, S. C., S. D. Garrity, et al. (1994). The Galeta oil spill: III. Chronic reoiling, long-term toxicity of hydrocarbon residues and effects on epibiota in the mangrove fringe. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 38(4): 365-395. {a} Coastal Zone Analysis, P.O. Box 97, Sopchoppy, FL 32358, USA

Lin, G. and L. D. S. L. Sternberg (1994). Utilization of surface water by red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.): An isotopic study. Bulletin of Marine Science 54(1): 94-102. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84111, USA

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Ramirez, G. P. and A. Lot (1994). The distribution of mangrove and sea-grasses in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Serie Botanica 65(1): 63-72. Dep. Botanica, Instituto Biologia, UNAM, Apartado Postal 70-367, Del. Coyoacan, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico

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Thomas, M. L. H. and J. C. Dangeubun (1994). The breeding and secondary production of the flat tree-oyster Isognomon alatus (Gmelin 1791) in Trotts Pond Bermuda. Journal of Shellfish Research 13(2): 507-511. Marine Res. Group, Univ. New Brunswick, PO Box 5050, St. John, New Brunswick, Canada

Zimmermann, U., J. J. Zhu, et al. (1994). High molecular weight organic compounds in the xylem sap of mangroves: Implications for long-distance water transport. Botanica Acta 107(4): 218-229. Lehrstuhl Biotechnol., Biozent., Am Hubland, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany

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Ewa, O. I. O. and K. N. J. Abby (1993). Seasonal Variation and Community Structure of Epibenthic Algae on the Roots of the Mangrove Rhizophora mangle at a Shallow Tropical Estuary. Tropical Ecology 34(2): 160-172. {a} Institute Oceanography, University Calabar, Calabor, Nigeria

Farnsworth, E. J. (1993). Ecology of semi-evergreen plant assemblages in the Guanica dry forest, Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science 29(1-2): 106-123. Dep. Organismic Evolutionary Biology, Biological Lab., Harvard Univ., 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA

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Lin, G. and L. D. L. Sternberg (1993). Effects of salinity fluctuation on photosynthetic gas exchange and plant growth of the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Journal of Experimental Botany 44(258): 9-16. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA

Martin, C. E. and V. S. Loeschen (1993). Photosynthesis in the mangrove species Rhizophora mangle L.: No evidence for CAM-cycling. Photosynthetica Prague 28(3): 391-400. Dep. Botany, Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-2106, USA

McKee, K. L. (1993). Soil physicochemical patterns and mangrove species distribution: Reciprocal effects? Journal of Ecology 81(3): 477-487. Wetland Biogeochem. Inst., Center Coastal, Energy Environmental Resources, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA 70830, USA

Proffitt, C. E., K. M. Johns, et al. (1993). Field and laboratory experiments on the consumption of mangrove leaf litter by the macrodetritivore Melampus coffeus L. (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Florida Scientist 56(4): 211-222. {a} Cent. Environmental Res., P.O. Box 90655, McNeese State Univ., Lake Charles, LA, USA

Silvertown, J., M. Franco, et al. (1993). Comparative plant demography: Relative importance of life-cycle components to the finite rate of increase in woody and herbaceous perennials. Journal of Ecology 81(3): 465-476. {a} Dep. Biol., Open Univ., Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK

Thomas, M. L. H. (1993). Mangrove swamps in Bermuda. Atoll Research Bulletin(386): 1-17. Marine Res. Group, Univ. New Brunswick, Dep. Biol., P.O. Box 5050, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada

Yamamura, N. and N. Tsuji (1993). Parental care as a game. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6(1): 103-127. {a} Dep. Natural Science, Saga Med. Sch., Nabeshima, Saga 849, Japan

Yanez, A. A., D. A. L. Lara, et al. (1993). Interactions between mangrove and seagrass habitats mediated by estuarine nekton assemblages: Coupling of primary and secondary production. Hydrobiologia 264(1): 1-12. {a} Programa Ecol., Pesquerias Oceanografia Golfo Mex., Univ. Autonoma Campeche, Apartado Postal 520, Campeche 24030, Mexico

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Duke, N. C. and M. Z. S. Pinzon (1992). Aging Rhizophora seedlings from leaf scar nodes: A technique for studying recruitment and growth in mangrove forests. Biotropica 24(2 Part A): 173-186.

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Lin, G. and L. D. S. L. Sternberg (1992). Effects of growth form, salinity, nutrient and sulfide on photosynthesis, carbon isotope discrimination and growth of red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle L.). Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 19(5): 509-517. {a} Dep. Biol., Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 33124, USA

Lin, G. and L. D. S. L. Sternberg (1992). Differences in morphology, carbon isotope ratios, and photosynthesis between scrub and fringe mangroves in Florida, USA. Aquatic Botany 42(4): 303-313.

Lowenfeld, R. and E. J. Klekowski, Jr. (1992). Mangrove genetics: I. Mating system and mutation rates of Rhizophora mangle in Florida and San Salvador Island, Bahamas. International Journal of Plant Sciences 153(3 Part 1): 394-399. {a} Dep. Biol., University Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. 01003

Newell, S. Y. and J. W. Fell (1992). Ergosterol content of living and submerged, decaying leaves and twigs of red mangrove. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38(9): 979-982. {a} Marine Inst., Univ. Georgia, Sapelo Island, Ga. 31327, USA

Newell, S. Y. and J. W. Fell (1992). Distribution and experimental responses to substrate of marine oomycetes (Halophytophthora spp.) in mangrove ecosystems. Mycological Research 96(10): 851-856. {a} Marine Inst., Univ. Ga., Sapelo Island, GA 31327, USA

Raz, G. A., L. L. G. De, et al. (1992). Environmental characterization and delta carbon-13 of sediment, detritus and vegetation of the Alvarado Lagoon system, Veracruz, Mexico. Revista de Biologia Tropical 40(2): 215-225. {a} Lab. Ecologia Bentos, Inst. Ciencias Mar Limnologia, Ap. Postal 70-305, UNAM. CP 04510 Mexico, DF

Reyes, R. and C. N. H. Campos (1992). Molluscs, annelids and crustaceans associated with the roots of Rhizophora mangle Linnaeus in the Santa Marta region, Colombian Caribbean. Caldasia 17(1): 133-148. {a} Carrera 17 No. 11-44, Santa Marta, Colombia

Ritchie, S. A. and D. S. Addison (1992). Oviposition preference of Aedes taeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida mangrove forests. Environmental Entomology 21(4): 737-744.

Sheridan, P. F. (1992). Comparative habitat utilization by estuarine macrofauna within the mangrove ecosystem of Rookery Bay, Florida. Bulletin Of Marine Science 50(1): 21-39.

Soto, R. (1992). Nutrient concentration and retranslocation in coastal vegetation and mangroves from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Brenesia(37): 33-50. Centro Investigacion Ciencias, Mar Limnologia, Univ. Costa Rica, San Pedro Montes Oca, San Jose, Costa Rica

Ukpong, I. E. (1992). The structure and soil relations of Avicennia mangrove swamps in southeastern Nigeria. Tropical Ecology 33(1): 1-16. Dep. Geography, Univ. Cross River State, P.M.B. 1017, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

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