Source: AGRICOLA database (1970-1996)

Alikaridis, F., D. Papadakis, et al. (2000). Flavonolignan production from Silybum marianum transformed and untransformed root cultures. Fitoterapia . [print] August 71(4): 379-384. {a} Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece

Amirghofran, Z., M. Azadbakht, et al. (2000). Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of five herbal plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. [print] September 72(1-2): 167-172. {a} Immunology Department, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Beckmann, K. S., S. Rietbrock, et al. (2000). Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Pharmacology and Toxicology. [print] June 86(6): 250-256. {a} Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, University of Koeln, Gleueler Str. 24, D-50931, Koeln, Germany

Gupta, O. P., S. Sing, et al. (2000). Anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities of silymarin acting through inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase. Phytomedicine Jena. [print] March 7(1): 21-24. {a} Regional Research Laboratory, CSIR, Jammei-Tawi, 180001, India

Iqbal, S. M. and P. S. Srivastava (2000). In vitro micropropagation of Silybum marianum L from various explants and silybin content. Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology. [print] July 9(2): 81-87. {a} Centre for Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110 062, India

Kang, T. G., T. Kawamura, et al. (2000). Pharmacognostical evaluation of Arctii Fructus (3): Discrimination of the botanical origin based on morphological and histological differences. Natural Medicines. [print] August 54(4): 178-185. {a} Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan

Simanek, V., V. Kren, et al. (2000). Silymarin: What is in the name...? An appeal for a change of editorial policy. Hepatology . [print] August 32(2): 442-443. {a} Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Singh, V. (2000). Utilization of medicinal plants for wasteland. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany. [print] March 24(1): 99-103. {a} Shree Baidyanath Ayurved Bhawan Ltd., Baidyanath Bhawan Road, Patna, 800 001, India

Stanley, D. F., P. J. Holst, et al. (2000). The effect of sheep and goat grazing on variegated thistle (Silybum marianum) populations in annual pastures. Plant Protection Quarterly. [print] 15(3): 116-118. {a} NSW Agriculture, Cowra, NSW, 2794, Australia

Vengerovskii, A. I., I. V. Sukhodolo, et al. (2000). Efficacy of legalon and lochein in experimental Reye's syndrome. Khimiko Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal. [print] April 34(4): 6-8. {a} Tomsk, Russia

Venkataramanan, R., V. Ramachandran, et al. (2000). Milk thistle, a herbal supplement, decreases the activity of CYP3A4 and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase in human hepatocyte cultures. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. [print] November 28(11): 1270-1273. {a} Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 718 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA

Adverse, D. R. A. C. (1999). An adverse reaction to the herbal medication milk thistle (Silybum marianum). Medical Journal of Australia. March 170(5): 218-219. Toulouse cedex, France

Aeschlimann, J. P. (1999). Specificity, and bionomics of south-western Palaearctic biotypes of Rhinocyllus conicus Frolich (Col., Curculionidae), a biological control agent of Palaearctic thistles (Asteraceae) accidentally introduced to Australia. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 72(1-2): 11-22. {a} 66 allee MacLaren, F-34090, Montpellier, France

Cacho, M., M. Moran, et al. (1999). Influence of medium composition on the accumulation of flavonolignans in cultured cells of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Plant Science Shannon. June 144(2): 63-68. {a} Departamento de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain

Czinner, E., A. Kery, et al. (1999). Biologically active compounds of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. [print] 24(4): 309-313. {a} Institute of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, Ulloi ut 26, H-1085, Budapest, Hungary

Kang, T. G., T. Kawamura, et al. (1999). Pharmacognostical evaluation of Arctii Fructus (2): Adulteration on the Chinese commercial samples. Natural Medicines. Aug. 53(4): 206-208. {a} Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Yagotoyama 150, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 468-8503, China

La, G. L., M. Wang, et al. (1999). Protective effects of the flavonoid mixture, silymarin, on fetal rat brain and liver. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. April 65(1): 53-61. {a} New Mexico Highlands University, Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA

Lahiri, C. M., S. K. Katiyar, et al. (1999). A flavonoid antioxidant, silymarin, affords exceptionally high protection against tumor promoter in the SENCAR mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Cancer Research 59(3): 622-632. {a} Cent. Cancer Causation Prevention, AMC Cancer Res. Cent., 1600 Pierce St., Denver, CO 80214, USA

Quaglia, M. G., E. Bossu, et al. (1999). Determination of silymarine in the extract from the dried silybum marianum fruits by high performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 19(3-4): 435-442. {a} Dipartimento Studi Farmaceutici, Universita 'La Sapienza', P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy

Reid, C., J. Edwards, et al. (1999). Prevention by a silymarin/phospholipid compound of ethanol-induced social learning deficits in rats. Planta Medica. June 65(5): 421-424. {a} Department of Behavioral Sciences, New Mexico Highlands University, 911 University Avenue, Las Vegas, NM, 87701, USA

Sonnenbichler, J., F. Scalera, et al. (1999). Stimulatory effects of silibinin and silicristin from the milk thistle Silybum marianum on kidney cells. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Sept. 290(3): 1375-1383. {a} Max Planck Institut fuer Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 21, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany

Zhao, J. and R. Agarwal (1999). Tissue distribution of silibinin, the major active constituent of silymarin, in mice and its association with enhancement of phase II enzymes: Implications in cancer chemoprevention. Carcinogenesis Oxford. Nov. 20(11): 2101-2108. {a} AMC Cancer Research Center, 1600 Pierce Street, Denver, CO, USA

Benaiges, A., P. Marcet, et al. (1998). Study of the refirming effect of a plant complex. International Journal of Cosmetic Science 20(4): 223-233. {a} Provital S.A. Pol. Ind. Santiga, Talleres 6, n. 15, 08201-Barbera del Valles, Barcelona, Spain

Gil, m. F. N., V. M. Radomskaya, et al. (1998). Bioactive addition from silybum marianum in solving healthcare problems. Voprosy Pitaniya(3): 33-35. Samara State Med. Univ., Samara, Russia

Krecman, V., N. Skottova, et al. (1998). Silymarin inhibits the development of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Planta Medica 64(2): 138-142. {a} Inst. Med. Chem., Med. Fac., Palacky Univ., 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Omer, E. A., S. S. Ahmed, et al. (1998). Seed yield of Silybum marianum L. as affected by row spacing and fertilization in new reclaimed lands of Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture 25(3): 281-293. {a} Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Shanina, I., L. Kravchenko, et al. (1998). Efficiency of the sucrose-containing solution on the cold preservation of whole liver. Cryo Letters 19(4): 231-236. {a} Inst. Problems Cryobiol. Cryomed., Ukr. Acad. Sci., Pereyaslavskaya St. 23, Kharkov 310015, Ukraine

Skottova, N. and V. Krecman (1998). Silymarin as a potential hypocholesterolaemic drug. Physiological Research 47(1): 1-7. {a} Inst. Med. Chem., Med. Fac., Palacky Univ., Hnevotinska 3, 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Skottova, N., V. Krecman, et al. (1998). Effect of silymarin on serum cholesterol levels in rats. Acta Universitatis Palackianae Olomucensis Facultatis Medicae 141: 87-89. Inst. Med. Chem., Med. Fac., Palacky Univ., 775 15 Olomouc, Czech Republic

Szentmihalyi, K., M. Then, et al. (1998). Phytochemical examination of oils obtained from the fruit of mille thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertner) by supercritical fluid extraction. Zeitschrift fuer Naturforschung Section C Journal of Biosciences 53(9-10): 779-784. {a} Inst. Chem., Chem. Res. Center, Central Res. Inst. Chem., Hung. Acad. Sci., POB 17, 1525 Budapest, Hungary

Vengerovskii, A. I., M. Y. Kovalenko, et al. (1998). Influence of legalon and lochein on the effects of prednisolone in experimental toxic hepatitis. Khimiko Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 32(9): 12-14. Sib. Med. Univ., Tomsk, Russia

Vengerovskii, A. I., M. Y. Kovalenko, et al. (1998). Influence of legalon and lochein on the effects of prednisolone in experimental toxic hepatitis. Khimiko Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 32(9): 12-14. Sib. Med. Univ., Tomsk, Russia

Bialecka, M. (1997). Effect of bioflavonoids and lecithin on the course of experimental atherosclerosis in rabbits. Roczniki Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie. [print] 43: 41-56. {a} Katedry Farmakologii i Toksykologii Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej w Szczecinie, al. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, 70-111, Szczecin, Poland

Igantowicz, E., H. Szaefer, et al. (1997). Silybin and silydianin diminish the oxidative metabolism of human polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Acta Biochimica Polonica 44(1): 127-130. {a} Dep. Biochem., Karol Marcinkowski Univ. Sch. Med. Sci. Poznan, Graunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland

Radice, S. and O. H. Caso (1997). Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in cultured cotyledons of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Biocell 21(1): 59-64. Cent. Ecofisiol. Veg., Serrano 669, 1414 Buenos Aires, Argentina

Tikhonova, V. L. and T. N. Kruzhalina (1997). The effect of deep freezing of seeds on growth and development of some medicinal plants. Rastitel'nye Resursy 33(3): 45-52. All-Russ. Res. Inst. Nat. Conserv., Moscow, Russia

De, L. P. R., E. Martinez, et al. (1996). Effect of silymarin on different acute inflammation models and on leukocyte migration. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 48(9): 968-970. {a} Dep. de Farmacia, Tecnol. Farmaceutica, Fac. de Farmacia, 41012 Sevilla, Spain

Dehmlow, C., J. Erhard, et al. (1996). Inhibition of Kupffer cell functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties of silibinin. Hepatology 23(4): 749-754. Inst. Physiol. Chemie, Universitaetsklinikum, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45122 Essen, Germany

He, W. X. M., S. Zhang, et al. (1996). Nutritional compositions of Silybum marianum Gaertn seed oil and its hypolipidemic effect in rats. Acta Nutrimenta Sinica 18(2): 163-167. {a} Shaanxi Inst. Anim. Sci., Vet. Med. Sci., Xiangyang 712039, China

Kurkin, V. A., G. G. Zapesochnaya, et al. (1996). Quantitative estimation of silybin and total flavolignans in the Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. fruits. Rastitel'nye Resursy 32(3): 80-87. Samara State Med. Univ., Samara, Russia

Omer, E. A. (1996). Effect of different nitrogen sources on Romanian Silybum marianum cultivated in sandy and clay soils. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture 23(1): 63-76. Pharmaceutical Sci. Dep., Natl. Res. Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt

Thamsborg, S. M., R. J. Jorgensen, et al. (1996). Putative effect of silymarin on sawfly (Arge pullata)-induced hepatotoxicosis in sheep. Veterinary and Human Toxicology 38(2): 89-91. {a} Dep. Clin. Studies, Royal Vet. Agric. Univ., 13 Buelowsvej, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark

Vengerovskii, A. I., N. O. Baturina, et al. (1996). Effects of hepatoprotective agents containing polyphenols on the course of experimental chronic hepatitis. Khimiko Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal 30(2): 3-4. Sib. Med. Univ., Tomsk, Russia

Wan, F. H., P. Harris, et al. (1996). Host specificity of Altica carduorum Guer. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera), a defoliator of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae) from North-western China. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6(4): 521-530. {a} Biol. Control Inst., Chinese Acad. Agric. Sci., 30 Bai Shi Qiao Rd., Beijing 100081, China

Wang, M., G. L. La, et al. (1996). Hepatoprotective properties of Silybum marianum herbal preparation on ethanol-induced liver damage. Fitoterapia 67(2): 166-171. {a} New Mexico Highlands Univ., Las Vegas, NM 87701, USA

Alarcon, D. L. L. C., M. J. Martin, et al. (1995). Gastroprotection induced by silymarin, the hepatoprotective principle of Silybum marianum in ischemia-reperfusion mucosal injury: Role of neutrophils. Planta Medica 61(2): 116-119. {a} Dep. de Farm. y Tecnol. Farm., Lab. de Farmacodinamia, Fac. de Farmacia, C. Prof. Garcia Gonzalez s/n, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain

Barbo, M., G. Bertani, et al. (1995). Floristic signalling from Friuli-Venezia Giulia region: V. (66-105). Gortania Atti del Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale 17: 121-139. {a} Via V. Pittoni 4, I-34148 Trieste, Italy

Comoglio, A., A. Tomasi, et al. (1995). Scavenging effect of silipide, a new silybin-phospholipid complex, on ethanol-derived free radicals. Biochemical Pharmacology 50(8): 1313-1316. {a} Dip. Scienze Mediche, Univ. Torino, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy

Hetz, E., P. E. Huancaruna, et al. (1995). Plant regeneration from mesophyll and suspension protoplasts of Silybum marianum. Planta Medica 61(6): 554-557. {a} Inst. Angewandte Genetik, Freie Univ. Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

Hetz, E., R. Liersch, et al. (1995). Genetic investigations on Silybum marianum and S. eburneum with respect to leaf colour, outcrossing ratio, and flavonolignan composition. Planta Medica 61(1): 54-57. {a} Inst. Applied Genetics, Free Univ. Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany

Morazzoni, P. and E. Bombardelli (1995). Silybum marianum (Carduus marianus). Fitoterapia 66(1): 3-42. {a} INDENA Spa, Scientific Dep., Via Ripamonti 99, 20141 Milan, Italy

Nieves, A. J. L. (1995). Two new species of Aylacini (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) from France, associated with Silybum and a new gall from Scorzonera (Asteraceae). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 31(4): 369-375. Museo Nacional Ciencias Nat., Dep. Biodiversidad, Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain

Premila, M. S. (1995). Emerging frontiers in the area of hepatoprotective herbal drugs. Indian Journal of Natural Products 11(Spec. Number): 3-12. SPIC Pharm. Div., R and D Cent., Maraimalai Nagar 603 209, India

De, V. M., F. Maialetti, et al. (1994). Monographs on botanical flavouring substances used in foods: Part III. Fitoterapia 65(1): 49-58. {a} Lab. Metab. Biochim., Patologica, 1st Superiore della Santia, Roma, Italy

Gabay, R., U. Plitmann, et al. (1994). Factors affecting the dominance of Silybum marianum L. (Asteraceae) in its specific habitats. Flora Jena 189(3): 201-206. {a} Dep. Botany, Systematics and Evolution, Hebrew Univ., Jerusalem 91904, Israel

Hammouda, F. M., S. I. Ismail, et al. (1994). Comparative studies of the oil from Silybum marianum cultivated in Egypt using GLC. Qatar University Science Journal 14(Spec. Issue): 154-157. Pharm. Sci. Dep., National Res. Centre, Dokki 12311, Cairo, Egypt

Srivastava, S., A. K. Srivastava, et al. (1994). Effect of picroliv and silymarin on liver regeneration in rats. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 26(1): 19-22. {a} ICMR Advanced Centre Pharmacological Res. Traditional Remedies, Div. Pharmacol. and Biochem., Central Drug Res. Inst., Lucknow-226 001, India

Antus, S., G. E. Baitz, et al. (1993). Total synthesis of racemic-silandrin, an antihepatotoxic flavanolignan. Liebigs Annalen der Chemie(2): 105-109. {a} Res. Group Alkaloid Chem., Hungarian Academy Sciences, P.O. Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary

Archer, R. H. and W. A. E. Van (1993). Bark structure and intergeneric relationships of some Southern African Cassinoideae (Celastraceae). IAWA Journal 14(1): 35-53. {a} Natl. Botanical Inst., Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0001 S. Afr

Arya, S., I. D. Arya, et al. (1993). Rapid multiplication of adventitious somatic embryos of Panax ginseng. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 34(2): 157-162. {a} Arid Forestry Res. Inst., Jodhpur-342001, India

Clarke, A. R. and G. H. Walter (1993). Variegated thistle (Silybum marianum (L.)), a non-crop host plant of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in southeastern Queensland. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32(1): 81-83. Dep. Entomol., Univ. Queensland, Qld. 4072

Manojlovic, B. and M. Cvetkovic (1993). So far investigations on phytophagous insects for biocontrol of Carduus acanthoides L. (Asteraceae, Asteroideae). Zastita Bilja 44(4): 251-261. Inst. Plant Protection and Environ., Beograd, Yugoslavia

Pandey, G. P. and D. N. Srivastava (1993). Therapeutic efficacy of some indigenous preparations against paracetamol induced liver damage in rabbits. Indian Veterinary Medical Journal 17(1): 14-17. Dep. Pharmacology Toxicology, Coll. Veterinary Science Animal Husbandry, Jabalpur 482001, India

Parmar, V. S., A. K. Gupta, et al. (1993). Metal content of the medicinal plants Agave americana, Sambucus nigra and Silybum marianum. International Journal of Pharmacognosy 31(4): 324-326. {a} Dep. Chem., Univ. Delhi Delhi-110007, India

Perlak, F. J., T. B. Stone, et al. (1993). Genetically improved potatoes: Protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles. Plant Molecular Biology 22(2): 313-321. {a} Monsanto Co., Agric. Group, 700 Chesterfield Village Parkway, Chesterfield, MO 63198, USA

Tarutina, O. L. (1993). Ontogenetic morphogenesis of holy thistle Silybum marianum L. (Gaertn.). Izvestiya Timiryazevskoi Sel'skokhozyaistvennoi Akademii(4): 85-91. Dep. Vitic., K.A. Timiryazev Agric. Acad., Moscow, Russia

Albrecht, M., H. Frerick, et al. (1992). Therapy of toxic liver disease with Legalon. Zeitschrift Fuer Klinische Medizin 47(2): 87-88.

Bosisio, E., C. Benelli, et al. (1992). Effect of the flavanolignans of Silybum marianum L. on lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes and freshly isolated hepatocytes. Pharmacological Research 25(2): 147-154.

Carini, R., A. Comoglio, et al. (1992). Lipid peroxidation and irreversible damage in the rat hepatocyte model: Protection by the silybin-phospholipid complex IdB 1016. Biochemical Pharmacology 43(10): 2111-2115.

Chaghtai, S. M. (1992). Soil residual toxicity of Silybum marianum Gaertn. Scientific Khyber 5(1): 33-36.

Morazzoni, P., M. J. Magistretti, et al. (1992). Comparative bioavailability of Silipide, a new flavanolignan complex, in rats. European Journal Of Drug Metabolism And Pharmacokinetics 17(1): 39-44.

Antus, S., G. E. Baitz, et al. (1991). Synthesis and circular dichroism of steroids with a 1,4-benzodioxane chromophore: On the absolute configuration of (levo)-silandrin. Liebigs Annalen Der Chemie(7): 633-642.

Bombardelli, E., M. Spelta, et al. (1991). Aging skin: Protective effect of silymarin-PHYTOSOME. Fitoterapia 62(2): 115-122.

Chiavari, G., G. C. Galletti, et al. (1991). Silymarin content of different Silybum marianum L. Gaertn. cultivars. Herba Hungarica 30(1-2): 23-34.

Dwivedi, Y., R. Rastogi, et al. (1991). Picroliv affords protection against thioacetamide-induced hepatic damage in rats. Planta Medica 57(1): 25-28.

Mereish, K. A., D. L. Bunner, et al. (1991). Protection against microcystin-LR-induced hepatotoxicity by silymarin: Biochemistry, histopathology, and lethality. Pharmaceutical Research 8(2): 273-277.

Rui, Y. C. (1991). Advances in pharmacological studies of silymarin. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz Rio De Janeiro 86(Suppl. 2): 79-86.

Barzaghi, N., F. Crema, et al. (1990). Pharmacokinetic studies on IdB 1016, a silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex, in healthy human subjects. European Journal Of Drug Metabolism And Pharmacokinetics 15(4): 333-338.

Corti, P., E. Dreassi, et al. (1990). Application of NIR reflectance spectroscopy to the identification of drugs derived from plants. International Journal Of Crude Drug Research 28(3): 185-192.

Danin, A. and T. Y. Yom (1990). Ant nests as primary habitats of Silybum marianum (Compositae). Plant Systematics And Evolution 169(3-4): 209-218.

Harradine, A. R. (1990). Effect of 2,4 D ester on the nitrate concentration of variegated thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). Australian Journal Of Experimental Agriculture 30(2): 221-226.

Kalmar, L., J. Kadar, et al. (1990). Silibinin (Legalon-70) enhances the motility of human neutrophils immobilized by formyl-tripeptide, calcium ionophore, lymphokine and by normal human serum. Agents And Actions 29(3-4): 239-246.

Liu, S. Q. and Q. G. Cai (1990). Callus formation from protoplasts and plant regeneration from tissue culture of Silybum marianum Gaertn. Acta Botanica Sinica 32(1): 19-25.

Briese, D. T. (1989). Natural enemies of carduine thistles in New South Wales (Australia). Journal Of The Australian Entomological Society 28(2): 125-134.

Chander, R., N. K. Kapoor, et al. (1989). Hepatoprotective activity of silymarin against hepatic damage in Mastomys natalensis infected with Plasmodium berghei. Indian Journal Of Medical Research Section B 90(Dec): 472-477.

Dodd, J. (1989). Phenology and seed production of variegated thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., in Australia in relation to mechanical and biological control. Weed Research 29(4): 255-264.

Ferenci, P., B. Dragosics, et al. (1989). Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Journal Of Hepatology 9(1): 105-113.

Gieffers, W., V. H. Paul, et al. (1989). The influence of oxygen and UV light for the conidia production of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton, morphological characters of the pathogen and its evidence on dicotyledons. Journal Of Phytopathology 126(2): 115-132.

Groves, R. H. and P. E. Kaye (1989). Germination and phenology of seven introduced thistle species in southern Australia. Australian Journal Of Botany 37(4): 351-359.

Sweelam, M. E. (1989). Population density, seasonal distribution and trophic structure of nematodes in the rhizosphere of ten desert weeds. Annals Of Agricultural Science 34(1): 467-474.

Valenzuela, A., M. Aspillaga, et al. (1989). Selectivity of silymarin on the increase of the glutathione content in different tissues of the rat. Planta Medica 55(5): 420-422.

Wong, S. M., M. M. Wong, et al. (1989). New antihepatotoxic naphthopyrone glycosides from the seeds of Cassia tora. Planta Medica 55(3): 276-280.

Austin, M. P., L. F. M. Fresco, et al. (1988). Competition and relative yield: Estimation and interpretation at different densities and under various nutrient concentrations using Silybum marianum and Cirsium vulgare. Journal Of Ecology 76(1): 157-171.

Briese, D. T. (1988). Weed status of twelve thistle species in New South Wales (Australia). Plant Protection Quarterly 3(4): 135-141.

Chaghtai, S. M., A. Sadiq, et al. (1988). Phytotoxicity of Silybum marianum Gaertn., on wheat. Pakistan Journal Of Botany 20(2): 213-220.

Lopez, M. C. G. and A. P. Sanz (1988). Enzymatic study in cell cultures of Silybum marianum Gaertn.: II. Influence of the composition of the culture medium on the phenolic content and the phenoloxidase activity of the cells. Anales De La Real Academia De Farmacia 54(1): 125-129.

Maggini, F., G. F. Tucci, et al. (1988). Ribosomal RNA genes in species of the Cynareae tribe (Compositae): II. Protoplasma 144(2-3): 125-131.

Mericli, A. H. (1988). Flavonolignans, kaempferol 3-sulfate and other flavonoids from Silybum marianum ssp. anatolicum. Planta Medica 54(1): 44-45.

Meroni, P. L., W. Barcellini, et al. (1988). Silybin inhibition of human T-lymphocyte activation. International Journal Of Tissue Reactions 10(3): 177-182.

Sincholle, D. (1988). Study of the in-vivo antiradical effect of an extract of seeds of the milk thistle. Plantes Medicinales Et Phytotherapie 22(2): 119-123.

Adzet, T., M. R. Coll, et al. (1987). Selection and improvement of Silybum marianum: 1. Characterization of population from different origins. Plant Physiology And Biochemistry 25(2): 129-136.

El, T. B. S., S. N. Deraz, et al. (1987). Chemical studies on Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. wild-growing in Egypt: I. Oil and sterols. Grasas Y Aceites 38(2): 93-97.

Folkman, A. and K. Kowalewska (1987). Method of determination of the silymarin and polyphenol acids content in Sylicynar dragee. Herba Polonica 33(1): 17-20.

Guinea, L. M. C. and S. A. Pizarro (1987). Enzymatic study in cell cultures of Silybum marianum Gaertn.: I. Influence of the composition of the culture medium and the growth moment on the peroxidase activity. Anales De La Real Academia De Farmacia 53(4): 609-613.

Macek, J. and A. Velkavrh (1987). Influence of some fungicides on mycelial growth and sclerotia formation of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary in vitro. Zastita Bilja 38(4): 359-364.

Skakun, N. P., I. P. Moseichuk, et al. (1987). Comparative estimation of the hepatoprotective activity of flavonoid preparations of Silybum marianum (L) gaertn. Farmatsiya 36(6): 13-17.

Turner, C. E., R. W. Pemberton, et al. (1987). Host utilization of native Cirsium thistles (Asteraceae) by the introduced weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California (USA). Environmental Entomology 16(1): 111-115.

Unruh, T. R. and R. D. Goeden (1987). Electrophoresis helps to identify which race of the introduced weevil, Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), has transferred to two native southern California (USA) thistles. Environmental Entomology 16(4): 979-983.

Wollemann, G., H. U. Seifert, et al. (1987). Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis after contact to Silybum marianum L. Allergologie 10(11): 505-507.

Fevereiro, P., J. M. S. Cabral, et al. (1986). Callus and suspension culture of Silybum marianum: Biosynthesis of proteins with clotting activity. Biotechnology Letters 8(1): 19-24.

Forcella, F. and H. Wood (1986). Sequential flowering of thistles (Cynareae, Asteraceae) in southern Australia. Australian Journal Of Botany 34(4): 455-462.

Khan, S. A., L. Khalid, et al. (1986). Biological evaluation of Silybum marianum seed oil for nutritional purposes. Pakistan Journal Of Scientific And Industrial Research 29(6): 430-434.

Kovacikova, E. and J. Kubinek (1986). The wilting of milk thistle Silybum marianum. Sbornik Uvtiz 22(3): 217-222.

Kozlowski, J. and M. Holynska (1986). Effect of mineral fertilization on the crop yield of Silybum marianum: Fruit and on the content and yield of silymarin. Herba Polonica 31(1-2): 51-60.

Austin, M. P., R. H. Groves, et al. (1985). Relative growth of 6 thistle species along a nutrient gradient with multispecies competition. Journal Of Ecology 73(2): 667-684.

Belikov, V. V. (1985). Determination of the content of flavanonol derivatives in the fruits of Silybum marianum. Rastitel'Nye Resursy 21(3): 350-358.

Cadahiaa, E., A. R. Lansac, et al. (1985). Chlorophyll fluorescence technique for the determination of tolerance of Silybum marianum to atrazine. Anales Del Instituto Nacional De Investigaciones Agrarias Serie Agricola 28(Suppl): 323-332.

Khan, S. A., K. H. Khan, et al. (1985). Fatty acids from indigenous resources for possible industrial applications: Part VIII. Investigations of some species of the family Compositae. Pakistan Journal Of Scientific And Industrial Research 28(6): 400-402.

Koch, H. P., J. Bachner, et al. (1985). Silymarin: Potent inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. Methods And Findings In Experimental And Clinical Pharmacology 7(8): 409-414.

Cappelletti, E. M. and R. Caniato (1984). Silymarin localization in the fruit and seed of Silybum marianum. Herba Hungarica 23(1-2): 53-66.

Fiebig, M. and H. Wagner (1984). New antihepatotoxically active flavonolignans from a white-flowering variety of Silybum. Planta Medica 51(4): 310-313.

Hikino, H., Y. Kiso, et al. (1984). Antihepatotoxic actions of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum fruits. Planta Medica 50(3): 248-250.

Singh, R. P. and A. K. Pandey (1984). Development and structure of seeds and fruits in Compositae-Cynareae. Phytomorphology 34(1-4): 1-10.

Szilajtis, O. R. and K. Kowalewska (1984). A spectrophotometric method for determination of flavone lignans and silybin in crude drug and its preparations from Silybum marianum. Herba Polonica 30(1): 27-34.

Zwoelfer, H. and P. Harris (1984). Biology and host specificity of Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), a successful agent for biocontrol of the thistle, Carduus nutans. Zeitschrift Fuer Angewandte Entomologie 97(1): 36-62.

Cappelletti, E. M. and R. Caniato (1983). Chemical characterization of wild Italian populations of Silybum marianum. Plantes Medicinales Et Phytotherapie 17(4): 209-214.

Mericli, A. H. (1983). Silybum marianum in Turkey. Istanbul Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Mecmuasi 19: 57-64.

Zalecki, R. and A. Gorna (1983). Effect of desiccation with Reglone on crop and quality of Silybum marianum fruits. Herba Polonica 29(3-4): 217-222.

Ahmed, A. A., T. J. Mabry, et al. (1751). Flavonoids of the flowers of Silybum marianum. Phytochemistry 28(6): 1751-1754.

Tanaka, H., M. Hiroo, et al. (1441). Total synthesis of silychristin, an antihepatotoxic flavonolignan. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37(6): 1441-1445.

Moscow, D. and S. E. Lindow (1085). Infection of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) leaves by Septoria silybi. Phytopathology 79(10): 1085-1090.

Frattini, S. Observations on recent and relict flora of the city of Milan in relation to "heat-islands". Allionia Turin 32: 207-213. Via Longarone 1, 20157 Milano, Italy

Omer, E. A., M. E. Ibrahim, et al. Effect of spacing, nitrogen and potassium fertilization of Silybum marianum L. cultivated in newly reclaimed lands. Egyptian Journal of Horticulture 22(1): 97-108. Pharm. Sci. Dep., National Res. Cent., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt