Issue No 11, January 1999.

NOTICE: Hard copies of the Australian New Crops Newsletter are available from the publisher, Dr Rob Fletcher. Details of availability are included in the Advice on Publications Available.

26. New Crop Publications

Norman Philp
RIRDC Research Paper 97/33

The food and beverage processing industry is not only the largest of Australia's manufacturing industries in both turnover and employment, but its earnings from exporting have been growing at over 8% per annum for most of the decade.

However, as many as two-thirds of the firms in this industry with export potential have remained domestic in their marketing orientation.

This study sought to identify the factors that could explain the differences between these two orientations to marketing.

In the main model developed, from eighteen explanatory variables relating to firm-specific characteristics and managerial attitudes and attributes, the probability that a firm would be an active exporter, was explained by the following factors:

• The firm's management was committed to export
• There was a preparedness to commit resources to export-specific activity
• The importance of price in relation to a product's market competitiveness was recognised and
• There was access to managers with export specific experience and skills and a tertiary education.

An export-oriented firm commits resources to:

• Carry out a thorough investigation of potential and existing export markets
• Familiarise itself with foreign legal requirements pertaining to its goods
• Adapt its product to meet overseas requirements, if necessary
• Produce promotional materials especially designed for overseas markets
• Allow its senior managers to make overseas trips to assess international markets
• Participate in international trade promotion delegations and trade fairs and
• Ensure that sufficient plant capacity exists to meet export markets if and when they arise.

The recommendations made by this report include:

• Export assistance agencies, and industry and professional associations should develop and encourage all opportunities to bring new exporters and non-exporters into contact with each other and with experienced exporters.
• There are advantages to be gained from business networking in terms of information exchange and marketing alliances.
• Commitment to exporting can be increased by advertising the advantages to the firm available from exporting, rather than for the nation and by publicising the common misconceptions about exporting and services available.
• Firms need to offer a quality product at a competitive price.
• Courses focussed on export marketing, management, procedures and documentation, and introducing the cultural, economic, political and legal environments of the major export markets, should be encouraged.
• Firm size does not inhibit exporting so long as the firm is committed. Small firms can access export intermediaries if they lack the expertise themselves.
• Industry and professional associations should assume a greater role in researching, collecting and disseminating export market information and in assisting their members to visit and keep in touch with their export markets, perhaps in conjunction with Austrade or Export Access.

Case studies in International and Australian food businesses co-operating to compete in the global market

Edited by Deborah Gifford, Liz Hall and Wayne Ryan
Agribusiness and Community Branch Department of Primary Industries and Energy
With Howard Hall, Pinnacle Management; David Jacobs, David H Jacobs Consultants and Dr Harmonie Parsons
ISBN 0 642 47316 1

This volume introduces the concept of Supply Chain Management and gives examples of how four Australian companies, three Dutch companies and one US company manage their supply chains to Japan, as well as some other case studies.

Supply chain management is an integrated approach aimed to more effectively satisfy the needs of consumers by improving the processes and relationships between all those entities that combine to deliver products and services from the producer to the consumer.

Agribusiness success depends on the co-operative strength of the whole supply chain, from producer to consumer.

Future competitiveness will increasingly depend on the build up of knowledge and skills to deal with more complex, demand-driven chains.

The lessons from the cases presented in this volume are of importance to the way in which Australia's food and fibre producers and exporters relate to the other participants in their supply chains.

The key message is that it is smarter to cooperage rather than to compete with other supply chain members, with the aim of becoming competitive against other supply chains.

Consumers all over the world are demanding more highly specialised products and, as trade barriers come down, international competition increases.

At the same time, multinational supermarket companies are building retail networks across the world and sourcing globally to supply these outlets.

To compete in this environment and respond to customer requirements, companies must build close relationships throughout the supply chain.

Future competitiveness will increasingly depend on participation in, and improved management of, global supply chains.

This can be achieved through ownership, but also through knowledge of the chain's operation and the development of alliances.

Building long term relationships with customers means sourcing supplies from around Australia and overseas to guarantee year round supplies.

Servicing the needs of end users for consistency, quality, variety and volume will often require Australian producers and exporters to combine their resources through informal alliances or more structured organisations such as co-operatives and producer controlled companies.

This report explores the current trends and issues relating to supply chain management.

Much needs to be done to lift the overall level of Australia's supply chain management to International best practice, if Australia's agribusiness industries are to remain competitive.

As trade barriers and constraints are reduced, all competitors can and will increasingly trade in any country that has suitable demographics and market dynamics.

There will soon be no such division as domestic and export markets and competition will be global.

In the short term at least, markets will become more crowded as suppliers worldwide compete for market share.

Customers are becoming more discerning about quality and it will be increasingly important for each supplier to successfully differentiate themselves and their products against any supplier from anywhere in the world.

Supermarket and food service chains, driven by the need to satisfy increasingly discerning consumers, are finding they need to establish global sourcing networks.

For suppliers of fresh and processed foods, failure to access such global supply networks will exclude them from major markets. To access such markets, product, service and production standards will need to be met.

The incentives for chain formation in agribusiness are:

• The need to meet very specific and varied end-user and consumer demands
• The need to be increasingly efficient and control costs and
• The need to reducing risks usually associated with variation in price, quality and quantity of products.

Supply chain management requires participants to adopt new skills in the manner in which they:

• Share information and resources
• Share the gains made from the chain established between participants
• Manage the functions of their operations within the chain and
• Address the legal, cultural and social issues that are potential barriers to the establishment of effective chains, especially those which span national and regional borders.

Available from:

DPIE Shopfront
Commonwealth Department of Primary Industries and Energy
Ground Floor, Core 2
Edmund Barton Building
Corner of Blackall and Broughton Streets
Barton, ACT
GPO Box 858
Barton, ACT 2601
Telephone: 02 6272 5550
Facsimile: 02 6272 5771
Email: agribusiness@dpie.gov.au
144pp, 1998
Cost: AUD25 (including postage and handling)

Guidelines for the Safe Use and Labelling for Herbs in Commerce
American Herbal Products Association
Edited by M McGuffin, C Hobbs, R Upton and A Goldberg
ISBN: 0 8493 1675 8
Published by CRC Press
2000 NW Corporate Boulevard
Boca Raton
Florida 33431 USA
Telephone: 1 800 272 7737 or
1 561 994 0555
Facsimile: 1 800 374 3401
1998, 256pp

The consumption of herbal products continues to increase, with an estimated sales growth of 10-15% per year projected through the end of the 1990s. As more and more consumers use herbs, it becomes that much more important to ensure that the herbs are used properly and safely.

While herbs generally have a safe consumption history, information relevant to specific herbs and particular populations has not been easily available.

The Botanical Safety Handbook provides readily accessible safety data in an easy-to-use classification system for more than 600 commonly sold herbs. The handbook also features additional information regarding international regulatory status, standard dosage, and certain common toxicity concerns, as well as guidelines on the information to be included on labels for herbal products. The index includes a complete listing and classification of herbs sold in the US.

This handbook is for manufacturers of herbal products, health professionals who prescribe herbal remedies and the consumer.

Contents: Safety Monographs, Alphabetized by Latin Binomial, Appendix 1: Herbal Constituent Profiles (aristolochic acid, atrophine, b-asarone, berberine, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, estragole, iodine, lectins, oxalates, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, safrole, salicylates, tannins, thujone), Appendix 2: Herbal Action Profiles (abortifacients, bulk-forming laxatives, emetics, emmenagogues/uterine stimulants, GI irritants, MAO interaction, nervous system stimulants, photosensitizing, stimulant laxatives), Appendix 3: Herb Listings by Classification (Herbs for external use only (Class 2a), Herbs not to be used in pregnancy (Class 2b), Herbs not to be used while breastfeeding (Class 2c), Herbs not to be used without expert supervision (Class 3)), Primary References, Bibliography, Plant Index

Available from:

CRC Press
Telephone: 1 561 994 0555
Facsimile: 1 561 998 9114
Email: orders@crcpress.com

Or: Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberger Platz 3 D-14197
Berlin Germany
Email: service@springer.de

Web site for ordering:
http://www.springer.de/customers/order-books-form.html

Frank S D'Amelio
ISBN: 0 8493 2118 2
Published by CRC Press
2000 NW Corporate Boulevard
Boca Raton
Florida 33431 USA
Telephone: 1 800 272 7737 or 1 561 994 0555
Facsimile: 1 800 374 3401
1999, 320pp approx

Botanicals have become widely used in many beauty products and for the purpose of aromatherapy.

Phytochemistry, the chemistry of plants, plant processes and plant products is of great interest to those involved with both the medicinal and cosmetic properties of botanicals.

This is the first reference to approach this popularly treated topic from a scientific point of view. It offers a clear, organised approach to plant constituents, properties, and cosmetic applications and covers the most common folkloric use of botanicals and their various constituents.

This reference will be of great use to phytochemists, cosmetic chemists, herbalists, aromatherapists and botanists.

Contents:Herbs-Folkloric Use and Constituents, Forms of Extracts, Plant Identification, Some Common Terminology, Infrared Spectroscopy, Gas Liquid Chromatography, Botanical Quick Reference Chart, Percolation Process, General Method for Extracting Botanical Constituents, Some Extraction Terminology, UV and Visible Spectroscopy of Botanicals, UV and Visible Absorption Maxima of Some Common Compound Groups, Tannins, Mucilaginous Plants, Decoctions, Infusions, Aromatherapy, A Brief Summary of the Properties of Essential Oils for Use in Aromatherapy, Botanical Extract Strengths, Thin Layer Chromatography, A Brief List of TLC Developing Solvent Systems, Methods of Identification, Adulteration of Drugs, Morphology, Micromorphology, Diagnostic Structures of Different Drug Groups, Microscopic Linear Measurements, Hair Care Botanicals, Oriental Herbs Used in Cosmetics, Formulations, Indian Herbs, Japanese Botanicals Cross Reference List, Glossary, Marine Natural Products

Available from:

CRC Press
Telephone: 1 561 994 0555
Facsimile: 1 561 998 9114
Email: orders@crcpress.com

Or: Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberger Platz 3 D-14197
Berlin Germany
Email: service@springer.de

Web site for ordering:
http://www.springer.de/customers/order-books-form.html

Natural products from plants

Peter B Kaufman, Leland J Cseke, Sara Warber, James A Duke and Harry L Brielmann
ISBN 0 8493 3134 X
Published by CRC Press
2000 NW Corporate Boulevard
Boca Raton
Florida 33431 USA
Telephone: 1 800 272 7737 or 1 561 994 0555
Facsimile: 1 800 374 3401

Contents: Phytochemicals, the chemical components of plants; How and why these compounds are synthesized by plants; Regulation of metabolite synthesis in plants; Good and bad uses of these compounds by humans; Modes of action at target sites; The synergy principle at work in plants, pathogens, insects, herbivors and humans; Bioseparation of compounds, Case studies (Medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica, Abies balsamea, Thuja occidentalis; Herbalist/botanist Keewaydinoquay Peschel; Dye plants: Lichens, Crocus flowers, Indogofera tinctoria, Juglans nigra; Plant fragrances: Lavandula officinalis); Conclusions.

Available from:

CRC Press
Telephone: 1 561 994 0555
Facsimile: 1 561 998 9114
Email: orders@crcpress.com

Or: Springer-Verlag Berlin
Heidelberger Platz 3 D-14197
Berlin Germany
Email: service@springer.de

Web site for ordering:
http://www.springer.de/customers/order-books-form.html

Proceedings of an international seminar held on 18-19 December 1997 in Bangalore, India
Organised by the Institute of Wood Science and Technology (ICFRE) and Karnataka State Forest Department, Bangalore
ACIAR Proceedings 84
Edited by AM Radomiljac, HS Ananthapadmanabho, RM Welbourn and K Satyanarayana Rao
ISBN 1 86320 226 9
Published by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR)
GPO Box 1571
Canberra, ACT 2601
1998, 204 pp

The objectives of this seminar were to bring together current knowledge on the silviculture, genetics, biotechnology, propagation, management of pests and disease and utilisation of scented heartwood and oil, to identify the most important problems and constraints and research needs and to develop research projects.

It was concluded that the sandal tree will play a major role in international markets for timber (scented heartwood), oil, perfumes and medicines.

The delegates noted with serious concern the diminishing sandal population and the resulting declining supply of oil for pharmaceutical industries, agarbathi, handicrafts and other industries.

They concluded that the international market has been weakened by both diminishing and fluctuating production and supply in recent years.

Seminar delegates adopted the following recommendations:

• Sandal plantations should be encouraged as a profitable proposition, requiring legislative changes in some parts of India
• Silvicultural practices should be developed, including application of biofertilizers like VAM (vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza), nitrogen-fixing bacteria, intermediate and long-term hosts and integrated pest management to provide a package of practices for growers
• Uniform extraction and transport policy should be formulated to regulate the industry on a viable commercial basis
• Gene banks should be developed to exploit genetic diversity, both within and between species, for future genetic improvement
• Conventional breeding methods for genetic improvement of sandal should be given more emphasis
• Collaborative research should be undertaken to develop high-quality planting stock using plant tissue culture, molecular biology and genetic engineering including the application of molecular markers for the early identification of promising clones and the selection of 'candidate plus trees'
• 'Candidate plus trees' from different provenances need better identification, and a suitable methodology should also be evolved to delineate genetic and environmental factors
• Tissue culture techniques should be scaled up from the laboratory and linked with foresters for field evaluation in order to assess their commercial viability
• Wide-ranging provenance studies should be undertaken.
• Exchange of scholars between the sandal-growing countries should be encouraged, and Internet facilities on sandal made available.
• Research in countries where sandal grows, or has the potential to grow, should be strengthened in view of the considerable economic benefits that can flow from its intensive cultivation.

The volume includes the seminar presentations in the areas of Economic and Legal Aspects (12 presentations), Biotechnology and Silviculture (12), Chemistry and Utilisation (4), Tree Improvement (14) and Pests and Diseases (9).

For further information or ordering, contact:

Bibliotech
GPO Box 4
Canberra ACT 2601
Telephone: 02 6257 2479
Facsimile: 02 6257 5088
Email: books@bibliotech.com.au
Web site for ordering: http://203.37.31.65/Bibliotech/main.htm
Price: AUD33
Cost for airmail: Australia AUD5; Asia Pacific AUD8; Elsewhere AUD12

The Australian Centre For International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) can be contacted at:
ACIAR House
Traeger Court
Fern Hill Park, Bruce, ACT 2617
GPO Box 1571
Canberra, ACT 2601
Telephone: 02 6217 0500
Facsimile: 02 6217 0501
Email: aciar@aciar.gov.au
Web site: http://www.aciar.gov.au/

Subscription Publication

Volume 1, Issues 1-4
ISSN: 1440 7000
Published by Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture
1998, 25-30pp
100% hemp cover

Detailed updates are included on industrial hemp issues nation-wide from a scientific, agricultural, retail and manufacturing perspective and international updates regularly featured.

The subscription includes a complimentary joining fee for the Ecofibre Industries Association, discounts on all publications distributed through Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture and additional mail outs of any major industry developments as they unfold and priority response to queries and suggestions.

Available from:

Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture
15 Belmont Crescent
Paddington Queensland 4064
Telephone: (07) 3369 5925
Facsimile: 07 3368 1255
Email: admin@ahrm.com.au

This is a comprehensive bulletin that provides both current and pertinent information about the use of ecofibre crops in Australia. It targets specifically the members of the association, which acts as a network base supporting team input and collaboration between members.

Available from:

Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture
15 Belmont Crescent
Paddington Queensland 4064
Telephone: (07) 3369 5925
Facsimile: 07 3368 1255
Email: admin@ahrm.com.au

Or Ecofibres Industries Association Telephone: 07 3217 6166
Available to members of the Association.
Membership costs AUD25 to join and AUD25 per year.

Published by Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture
15pp
100% hemp paper

A practical guide to estimating likely gross margin returns for industrial hemp production in Queensland and New South Wales.

It provides the worst, expected and optimistic costs with explanations and comparisons with traditional broad-acre crops.

Blank budget sheets are included for forecasting own-farm expectations with diagrams.

Available from:

Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture
15 Belmont Crescent
Paddington Queensland 4064
Telephone: (07) 3369 5925
Facsimile: 07 3368 1255
Email: admin@ahrm.com.au
Or Ecofibres Industries Association Telephone: 07 3217 6166
Price : AUD15

Published by Ecofibre Industries Association
12pp
100% hemp paper

A simple-to-read report explaining the Ecofibre industry. Includes definitions, descriptions and outlines the industry's potential in Australia.

The report outlines the stages and processes required for establishing this industry, with easy to follow flow charts and highlights ways of overcoming many of the identified difficulties of establishing such an industry.

There are outlines of strategies for ramping up the industry from small production areas into a fully fledged manufacturing industry. It also identifies some immediate domestic end products with expected yields, financial returns and market size.

Available from:

Australian Hemp Resource and Manufacture
15 Belmont Crescent
Paddington Queensland 4064
Telephone: (07) 3369 5925
Facsimile: 07 3368 1255
Email: admin@ahrm.com.au
 

Or Ecofibres Industries Association
Telephone: 07 3217 6166
Price: AUD8

A Review of Species for Use in Semi-arid Regions
BR Maslin, LAJ Thomson, MW McDonald and S Hamilton-Brown
Published by CSIRO and the Department of Conservation and Land Management

This book identifies 47 species of wattle which have potential for cultivation in southern semi-arid regions of Australia as a source of seed for human consumption.

Of these, 18 species are regarded as having the greatest potential. Botanical profiles are provided for these species, together with information on the natural distribution, ecology, phenology, growth characteristics and seed attributes.

Two species, Acacia victoriae and Acacia murrayana, appear particularly promising as the seeds of both these have good nutritional characteristics and were commonly used as food by Aborigines. Acacia victoriae is currently the most important wattle used in the Australian bushfood industry.

Contents: Introduction (The southern semi-arid region, General utilisation of temperate dry-zone acacias Aboriginal use of temperate dry-zone Acacia seed, Nutritional value and toxicology of Acacia seed, Current use of Acacia seeds, Wild harvest or plantations?, Caveats on the use of Acacia seeds as a human food, Methods, Species selection), Details Of The Most Promising Species (Acacia murrayana F Muell. ex Benth., Acacia victoriae Benth.), Details Of Other Promising Species (Acacia jennerae Maiden, Acacia microbotrya Benth., Acacia pycnantha Benth., Acacia retinodes Schldl., Acacia rivalis JM Black, Acacia saligna (Labill.) H.Wendl.), Details Of Lesser-Known Species (Acacia anthochaera Maslin, Acacia blakelyi Maiden, Acacia scirpifolia Meisner, Acacia brumalis Maslin, Acacia calamifolia Sweet ex Lindley, Acacia confluens Maiden & Blakely, Acacia hakeoides Cunn. ex Benth., Acacia hemiteles Benth., Acacia prainii Maiden, Acacia subrigida Maslin) Seed Availability For Further Research

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/
108pp, 1997
Price: AUD39.95 plus postage

EFK Denny
Second Edition 1991
Updated to July 1997
Published by Denny McKenzie Associates
PO Box 42
Lilydale, Tasmania 7268
Telephone: 03 6395 1166
Facsimile: 03 6395 1474

Contents: Part I. Fundamentals

Section 1 Pure Vapours (Latent Heat, The Closed Liquid-Vapour System, The Open Liquid-Vapour System, Steam Including Boiler Power, Effect on Distillation, Danger of Reflux)

Section 2 Necessary Further Fundamentals (First Law of Thermodynamics, Mechanical Equivalent of Heat, Second Law of Thermodynamics, Fourier's Law, Gases and Vapours, The Gas Laws, Molecules and Molecular Weight, Molar Measures of Quantity, The Gas Equation and Constant, Calculated Values for Latent Heats of Vaporisation)

Section 3 Mixed Vapours (Mixed Vapours from Immiscible Liquids, Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures, Composition of the Ideal Mixed Vapour, Mixed Vapours from Mutually Soluble Liquids)

Part II Theory Applied To Practical Distillation

Section 1 Hydrodistillation (Preliminary Review, The Fundamental Principle, The Temperature Gradient, Feedback Limits)

Section 2 The Superficial Oils - From Very Absorptive Herb (Distillation of the Superficial Oils, Charge Height and Extraction Time, Extraction from Very Absorptive Herbs, Principle of Extraction Time Calculation)

Section 3 Parameter Tests for Very Absorptive Herb (Purpose and General Method of Test, Standard Conditions, Application of the Parameters, Example Test with Lavender)

Section 4 The Superficial Oils - From Slightly Absorptive Herb (Distillation of the Oil, Charge Height and Extraction Time, Basic Method for Extraction Time Calculation for this Group, Extraction Time Data and Tests for Same with Mint, Relation between Extraction Time and Rate of Distillate Flow, Extraction Time Calculation by other Methods)

Section 5 Charge Packing (Evaluation of Steam Assistance Softening The Plant Material, Effect of Different Densities of Charge Packing)

Section 6 The Moisture Content of The Steam (Effect on Efficiency of Distillation, The Hydrophylic Effect, Hydrophylic Bonding and Absorptive Herbs, Hydrophylic Bonding and Non-Absorptive Herbs, Minimising Hydrophylic Loss)

Section 7 Distillation Under Gauge Pressure (Influence of Steam Density, Influence on Temperature Gradient, Potential to Reduce Hydrophylic Loss, Distillation under Reduced Pressure)

Section 8 The Subcutaneous Oils (Distillation of the Subcutaneous Oils, Hydrodiffusion Hypothesis and the Speed of the Steam, Charge Height and Extraction Time)

Section 9 Parameter Tests for Subcutaneous Oils (Test Distillations of Eucalypt Courtesy of Mr. GR Davis, The Diffusion Lag Factor, Basic Time and Increment Parameter, Adapting Parameters to other Conditions, Example of Parameter Application to Field Distillations at Different Pressures, Comment on Potentials of Wet and Dry Steam for Non-Absorptive Herb, Dry Steam Distillations of Tea Tree Courtesy of Mrs. K. Merry, Wet Steam Distillations of Tea Tree by the Author, Comparisons of Wet and Dry Steam Conditions and Potentials)

Section 10 The Unsystematic Distillations (With Comminuted Materials, With High Boiling Oils, The Schmidt 'Hydrodiffusion' Still, the System Not Yet Researched, Discarding an Old Misconception about Charge Height and Diameter)

Section 11 Water Distillation of Totally Immersed Herb (Introduction, Vaporisation of Oil Dissolved in the Water, The Unsaturated Steam Bubbles, The Saturated Steam Bubbles, Liberation of the Vapours and Turbulence in the Charge, Oil Retained by The Still Water, High Boiling Oils and Gauge Pressure, Difficulties with Finely Comminuted Materials, The Hazards of Typical Water Distillations)

Section 12 Cohobation of The Distillate Water (Maintaining Fluid Levels in Water Bath and Water Stills, Minimising Oil Losses)

Section 13 Derived Functions (Absence-of Genuine Fractionation, The Secondary Temperature Gradient, Estimating Still Performance with Related Herbs, Calculating Herb Surface Saturation Temperatures, Calculating Still Performance with Related Herbs, Calculating Still Performance with Unrelated Herbs)

Section 14 Deriving Basic Data From Existing Field Operations (Introduction and Discussion, Method, Calculating for Different Charge Heights, Calculating for Varied Rates of Distillate Flow, Example of Design Calculation Using Derived Data)

Part III Stills and Ancillary Equipment

Section 1 Production Systems (General Overview, Comment on Continuous Process Distillation, The Test Stills for Use with Atmospheric Pressure, Test Stills for Use with Gauge Pressure)

Section 2 The Commercial Distillery (The Flow Diagram, Arrangement for Fixed Stills, Arrangement for Mobile Trailer Stills, Precautions with Large Box Stills)

Section 3 Example of Still Design Calculations (For Superficial Oil from very Absorptive Herb, for Slightly Absorptive Herb with Superficial Oil, for Subcutaneous Oil under Atmospheric Pressure, for Subcutaneous Oils under Gauge Pressure, Design of Cartridges)

Section 4 The Condenser (The Vapour-In-Tube Condenser, Arrangement and General Principles, Example Calculations for Standard Conditions, The Release of Air and Back Pressure, Design of Tubes by the Simplified Method, Design by Film Coefficients for all Conditions, Vertical and Horizontal Tubes and Coefficient 'U', Calculation with an Example of the Coefficient Method, Tube Lengths and Diameters and Overloading Applies to all Methods)

Section 5 The Receiver Separator (The Significant Factors, Oil Particle Speeds through Water, Design of a Type A Separator for Oils Less Dense than Water, The Model B Separator for Oils More Dense than Water, Two Part Oils)

Section 6 At The End of The Distillation (An End-Point Indicator, Keeping Distillery Records, The Weight of the Charge, Oil Produced and Hydrometer Method of Measuring Oil in the Receiver, Collection Drying and Storage of the Oil)

Appendices

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/
271pp, 1991/1997
Price: AUD164.95 plus postage

Roger Meyer and Robert R Chambers
Fruit Gardener Books
California Rare Fruit Growers Inc

Contents: Varieties of Jujube also known as Chinese Date, Planting and Care of Jujubes in The First Year, Jujube from Seed, Tips on Picking Jujubes, Jujube Recipes, Cultivation of Jujubes in the Eastern US, Nutritional Side of the Jujube Fruit, A Florida Update, Can an Unknown Become a Winner: Marketing, Connecting with Jujube Growers Around the World, Jujubes Without Thorns, Jujubes in Russia: Its Natural Occurrence, Varieties and Uses, Jujube Cultivars Grown in China Today

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/
267pp, 1998
Price: AUD54.95 plus postage

Published by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries
ISBN 0 7242 6795 6

Paulownia is a fast-growing forestry species that has potential in Australia to produce harvestable timber in six to eight years.

Possibilities include growing paulownia as an intensive horticulture crop on high-quality soils with intensive management, or in small wood-lots as an add-on to other farm enterprises.

The most likely applications for paulownia appear to be in the joinery and mouldings industry.

Uses such as picture framing, arches, cornices, cabinet making and wall panelling capitalise on the timber's good working qualities, good stability and medium strength-to-weight ratio.

This report brings together current knowledge and experience in growing paulownia in Australia, including the timber's properties, market situation, and production and processing issues.

It also provides useful costings on establishment, maintenance, harvesting and likely returns, which will assist interested parties in making a commercial assessment.

Anyone considering entering the industry should be aware that this is a very new industry in Queensland.

The Queensland Department of Primary Industries, the publisher of this report is not in a position, at this stage, to advise farmers and others on the likely commercial success of a paulownia-growing enterprise.

Contents: Executive summary (Physical properties; Growing, harvesting and directly selling sawn timber; Financial assessment; Comparison of pine and paulownia; Pine data; Paulownia sawing trial; Financial analysis of paulownia; Conclusion), Introduction, Timber properties, Market situation (Potential markets; Other potential uses; General discussion on prices; Market summary), Production (Paulownia in Australia; Site requirements; Establishment; Pests and diseases; Management issues; Harvesting; Production summary), Processing, Environmental issues, Production costs (Establishment costs; Annual maintenance costs; Harvesting and milling costs; Yields and grades; Price; Round timber conversion example), Returns (Projected cash surplus/deficit; Annualised returns), Commercial assessment, References, Appendices

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
31pp, 1998
Price: AUD20.95 plus postage

Stan Kailis and Jan Oldham
Workshop conducted through Department of Plant Sciences Faculty of Agriculture University of Western Australia
May 3, 1998

Objective: To extend participants' knowledge and understanding of the Table Olive, the Uses of Table Olives and Value-adding to Table Olives

Contents: Table olive evaluation, production, processing and use.

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/
48pp, 1998
Price: AUD39.95 plus postage

Rudiger Behrens
Tropical Agriculture 9
Published by Margraf Verlag
ISBN 3 8236 1257 3
ISSN 0932 3074

Contents: Introduction, Cashew Uses, Trade and Processing (Uses of cashew nuts and by-products: Uses of cashew kernels, Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), Cashew kernel testa, Cashew apples, Cashew wood; World cashew trade: Overall market picture, Cashew products, the market view; Cashew nut processing methods), Cashew Biology (Morphological characters: Inflorescenses, Flower structure, Pollen; Chromosome numbers; The flowering process: Flowering and fruiting in relation to climate, Flowering at stand level, Individual flower life, anthesis and pollen receptivity), Cashew Cultivation (Objectives; Agronomy: Soils and climate, Field establishment, Interventions; Selection and breeding: Breeding; Vegetative Propagation: Propagation by division, Grafting and budding, Micro-propagation; Socio economic considerations), Discussion, Conclusions and Recommendations, References

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/

National Research Council, US
Published by the National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Library of Congress 85-061501

Contents: Introduction, The Plant, Production, Jojoba Oil, Uses, Markets, Commercial Uncertainties, Jojoba Industry Needs, Research Needs, Appendices

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/

Contents: Introduction (Mycorrhizal Associations, The Structure and Development of Mycorrhizal Roots, Ectomycorrhizal Associations, Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Associations Produced by Glomalean Fungi, The Influence of Root Structure on Mycorrhizal Formation, Identifying and Defining Mycorrhizal Associations, Working with Microscopes), Working with Ectomycorrhizal fungi (Introduction, Collecting, Processing and Describing Ectomycorrhizal Fungi,

Describing The Macroscopic Morphology of Fungi, Microscopic Morphology of Fungal Fruit Bodies, Management of Collections as a Genetic Resource, An Introduction to the Australian Ectomycorrhizal Fungi), Working with Glomalean Fungi (Introduction, Taxonomy of Glomalean Fungi, Separating Spores from Soil, Isolating and Propagating Glomalean Fungi), Examining Mycorrhizal Associations (Mycorrhizal Root Samples, Clearing and Staining Mycorrhizal Roots, Measuring Root Colonisation by Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bioassay Measurements of Mycorrhizal Inoculum in Soils, Sectioning Fresh Mycorrhizal Root Material, Advanced Staining and Microscopy Procedures, The Value of Histological Information), Pure Culture Isolation of Fungi and The Production of Inoculum (Introduction, Isolating Fungi into Axenic Culture, Maintenance of Fungal Isolates, The Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizal Associations, Large-Scale Inoculum Production), Management of Mycorrhizal Plants (Assessing the Benefits of Mycorrhizal Inoculation, Mycorrhizal Plants in the Glasshouse, Mycorrhizal Seedlings in The Nursery, Mineral Nutrition of Mycorrhizal Plants, Assessment of Mycorrhizal formation), Field Experiments: Planning, Design, Measurement and Data Analysis (Introduction, Experimental Design, Experimental Procedures, Data Processing and Statistical Analysis), References

Available from:

Granny Smith's Bookshop
PO Box 27
Subiaco Western Australia 6008
Telephone: 08 9388 1965
Facsimile: 08 9388 1852
Email: granny@AOI.com.au.
Web site: http://www.aoi.com.au/granny/

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute
Promoting the Conservation and Use of Underutilized and Neglected Crops

Full copies of the following excellent publications are available on-line:

Contact web site: http://198.93.227.125/doc/download.htm

The New Crop Compendium CD-ROM has been produced by the Purdue University Center for New Crops and Plant Products in cooperation with the Crop and Grassland Service of the Crop Production and Protection Division of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).

T he CD-ROM is a searchable resource containing the entire text and figures from the proceedings of the three National New Crop Symposia held in the USA:

• J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). 1990. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
• J. Janick and J.E. Simon (eds.). 1993. New Crops. Wiley, New York.
• J. Janick (ed.). 1996. Progress in New Crops. ASHS Press, Alexandria, Virginia.

It provides a valuable source of information on new, specialty, neglected and under-utilized crops for scientists, growers, marketers, processors, and extension personnel.

The Table of Contents has links to each article grouped by subject:

The Crop and Plant Products Index is a comprehensive list of the indexed words from the original three volumes of the proceedings.

The index can be used to copy and paste words into the key word field of the search engine.

The Author Index is sorted alphabetically by last name.

There are links to each article by that author.

The Key Word Search Facility can search all files for key words using natural language or boolean logic.

Features include a dictionary, related word search, use of concept operators, and on-line help.

System Requirements

The html files are accessible on any platform with a web browser. In order to use the search engine the following system requirements must be met:

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The New Crop Compendium is available from:

Continuing Education Business Office
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1586 Stewart Center, Room 110
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47907-1586 USA
Telephone: 1 800 830 0269 or 1 800 765 494 2748
Facsimile: 1 765 496 2484

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Feasibility report for the Joint Venture Agroforestry Program
RIRDC/LWRRDC/FWPRDC Project UCS-14A
A Curtis, D Race and W Booth 1997

Also available as a short report:

Market, economic and social assessment of low rainfall carob agroforestry in the Murray Valley
Short report 24

Available from:

Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation
PO Box 4776
Kingston ACT 2604
Telephone: 02 6272 4539
Facsimile: 02 6272 5877
Email: rirdc@netinfo.com.au
Web Site: http://www.rirdc.gov.au

This project has completed the first comprehensive feasibility study of the potential for a viable low rainfall (400-700 mm/year) carob industry in Australia.

The research was focused upon the Murray Valley and combined an assessment of market competitiveness, production economics and biotechnology.

Investigating carob agroforestry was considered important because of the relative lack of options for low rainfall agroforestry.

Preliminary investigations indicated that carob pod-seed mix has considerable commercial value as a fodder supplement ($150/ha), as a thickener in canned products such as pet food ($1,600/ha) and as an ingredient in confectionery ($900/ha).

Carob trees in the Murray Valley will produce a commercial harvest after seven years.

The trees have a deep root system enabling production with just 230 mm rainfall/year, although ideal conditions require at least 500 mm (Esbenshade & Wilson 1986).

It was concluded that economically feasible returns from carob agroforestry would be generated in the Murray Valley when the grower had access to markets for both carob bean gum and carob powder and the trees had access to adequate water.

The latter could be achieved through a medium level of rainfall or by the supplementation of low rainfall with irrigation.

The current Australian demand for carob bean gum exceeds the demand for carob powder.

Hence, growers may require cross-subsidisation for the excess pod pulp produced or action designed to increase the markets for carob powder derived from pod pulp.

Carobs offer the possibility of providing a positive return on grower's investment. However, this relies on securing access to the pulp powder market.

Carobs also provide another option for plantings which will increase the aesthetic value of properties.

This research suggests that a viable carob industry will involve a relatively small area of plantings (5,405 ha or less).

Small scale plantations are unlikely to have a strong influence on regional groundwater levels.

Nevertheless, landholders should view carob production as an important tree crop with an opportunity for enterprising individuals/companies to develop a successful niche industry.

The writers recommend that attention be given to research and development in the areas of:

• Identifying the optimum biophysical conditions for reliable commercial yields, in terms of response to: water requirements, soil pH, soil fertility, fertiliser application, waterlogging, irrigation regimes, and irrigation with treated waste water;
• Tree breeding (increasing carob varieties, propagation techniques);
• Assessing the impact of mechanical harvesting on flowering and subsequent yield;
• Developing monitoring guidelines to assist commercial growers record varietal agronomic characteristics such as bearing age, yield, regularity of yield, growth habit, harvesting ease, disease resistance;
• Investigating product qualities;
• Increasing the effort to market carob syrup, such effort being linked to market research with product development;
• Improving information exchange between growers and prospective growers by expanding the availability of the Western Australian carob growers' occasional newsletter 'Algarrobo', and producing carob growing information notes;
• Conducting socio-economic research to identify communities likely to adopt carob production;
• Promoting the value of growers aggregating supplies to support industry development, such as growers associations or cooperatives; and
• Increased collaboration with international carob research and development efforts.

Further information can be obtained from:

Carobs Australia Inc
73 Wasley Street
North Perth Western Australia 6006
Telephone: 08 9328 5317

Or A and J Gebhardt
Mackerode
PO Box 82
Burra South Australia 5417
Telephone: 08 8893 4066

Contact: Dr Rob Fletcher, School of Land and Food, The University of Queensland Gatton College, 4345; Telephone: 07 5460 1311 or 07 5460 1301; Facsimile: 07 5460 1112; International facsimile: 61 7 5460 1112; Email: r.fletcher@mailbox.uq.edu.au

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originally created by: GK; latest update 6 June 1999 by: RF